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Thermal Energy Storage and Heat-Transfer (Tier-1 TIO) The integration of thermal energy storage (TES) is needed to boost overall plant capacity factors for solar-only operation from about 25% in current plants without thermal storage to greater than 50% in the future. This will enable dispatching without hybridizing the system with natural gas or other fossil fuels and will thus significantly increase the value of the power. A near-term high-temperature TES option has been developed that uses molten nitrate salt as the storage medium in a two-tank system; it has an oil-to-salt heat exchanger to transfer thermal energy from the solar field to the storage system. Near-term TES R&D efforts optimize this design to reduce cost and minimize technical risk. The current near- term TES option has a unit cost of more than $30 to $40/kWht depending on storage capacity. A 50% cost reduction is required to meet longer-term TES cost goals. Future TES cost reduction approaches would progress from an indirect system that requires a heat exchanger to a direct system that uses the same fluid in the solar field and storage system, move from a two-tank system to a single-tank thermocline storage system, and increase the hot- and cold-temperature differential in the storage system. The key technical challenge is to find a heat-transfer fluid (HTF) that is suitable for both the solar field and storage system. Two HTF approaches are currently being pursued. The first option is an inorganic molten nitrate salt; the ternary molten salt, HitecXLTM, has been identified as the most promising. The key technical issues with HitecXLTM are its relatively high freeze point (120°–140°C) and the need for appropriate valve and ball-joint packing materials that survive the high temperatures (450°–500°C). The R&D plan for this HTF will focus on developing reliable collector interconnect piping, resolving freeze protection and packing issues, demonstrating the lifetime of the TES filler material, and demonstrating the system elements in the field. The second HTF option is to develop an advanced HTF that is thermally stable at high temperatures, has a high thermal capacity, has a low vapor pressure, and remains a liquid at ambient temperatures. The R&D plan for this advanced HTF will focus on identifying commodity materials that can be modified at low cost to achieve these desired properties. Heat-Transfer Fluid (Tier-2 TIO) • Develop low-cost HTFs with low vapor pressure and increased operating temperature. • Develop improved HTF system components and system design. Thermal Energy Storage (Tier-2 TIO) • Develop thermocline TES. • Develop direct TES system. • Evaluate and develop advanced TES concepts. Power Plant and Balance of Systems (Tier-1 TIO) The primary power plant of choice remains the Rankine steam power cycle. Future plants will look to scale up plant size, optimize the integration of the solar field and power plant, and reduce water consumption used for cooling. Alternative power cycles (e.g., combined-cycle and organic Rankine cycles) will be considered for niche applications. Future power plant O&M costs will be reduced primarily through the scale-up of plant size and increasing capacity factor. Continued development of improved automation and control systems and O&M data integration and tracking systems will also be necessary to achieve longer-term O&M cost targets. Power Plant Technology (Tier-2 TIO) • Support R&D necessary to scale up power plant size and to optimize the advantage of developing solar power parks. • Develop standardized trough power plant designs. • Develop optimized dry and hybrid wet/dry power plant cooling systems. 72PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power
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