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3.3 Solar Heating and Lighting The Solar Heating and Lighting (SHL) Subprogram conducts activities within the areas of solar water heating (SWH) and hybrid solar lighting (HSL). Topics covered on SWH and HSL will be handled separately in each section below, except for the last section that lists milestones and decision points. 3.3.1 SHL Industry and Market Overview Solar Water Heating The United States has about one million solar water-heating systems—most of which were installed during the 1978– 1985 federal tax credit era when more than 150,000 systems were installed per year. Since 2000–2001, about 6,000 SWH systems per year have been installed in the United States, with about 3,000 per year installed in Hawaii, which has a 35% state income tax credit, relatively high electricity prices, little natural gas, and a successful utility incentive program. In stark contrast, in 2003, due to an aggressive solar energy policy, about 80,000 solar water heaters were sold and installed in Germany, whose population of 82 million is about a quarter of the United States’. Internationally, installations of SWH systems are also increasing at annual growth rates of 27% in China, 23% in Australia and New Zealand, and 22% in the European Union. Conventional electric and gas-fired storage water heaters dominate the U.S. residential water heater market, accounting for 99% of the residential water heaters sold in the United States. Most U.S. homeowners do not give much thought to the method or fuel used to heat their water until their current water heater stops working; then, they replace it as quickly and cheaply as possible. Although any one person seemingly uses relatively little hot water during a day, in aggregate, we Americans use a great deal of energy to heat water: 13% of residential and 6% of commercial building energy is consumed to heat water—a total of 3.8 quadrillion Btu of energy. Currently, solar water heaters are significantly more expensive to purchase and install than conventional water heaters—in some cases, up to ten times more expensive. Driving down this first (purchase) cost is essential to improving the economics of solar water heaters, and, in turn, their marketability. Solar water heating is a mature technology, but R&D can contribute to significant advances in materials, design, and manufacturability that will lower the cost of solar water heaters, improve their performance, and ease installation. Market barriers outside of technology and cost include codes, covenants, and restrictions (CC&Rs) that may not permit the use of solar systems on homes and commercial buildings; the availability of trained and licensed contractors in some locations of the country; and barriers to consumer accessibility to information about the performance, cost, and benefits of SWH systems. Hybrid Solar Lighting Hybrid solar lighting is a technology that uses sunlight to illuminate building interiors (see Fig. 3.3.1-1). The HSL systems use roof-mounted solar concentrators to collect and separate the visible and infrared portions of sunlight. The visible portion is distributed through optical fibers to hybrid lighting fixtures containing both electric lamps and fiber optics. When sunlight is abundant, the fiber optics in the lighting fixtures provide all or most of the light needed in an area. During times of little or no sunlight, sensor-controlled electric lamps operate to maintain the desired illumination level. 79PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power
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