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3.3.2 SHL Subprogram History / Background Solar Water Heating In the early 1980s, the solar water-heating industry experienced rapid growth fueled by federal and state tax credits. However, poorly designed incentives and a lack of standards led to sales of some expensive, poorly performing systems installed by inexperienced and/or unscrupulous firms. This situation hurt the entire industry’s reputation. When the 40% federal tax credit ended in 1985, there was a severe contraction of the industry. To help overcome some of these problems, the Solar Heating and Lighting Subprogram helped establish the Solar Rating and Certification Corporation (SRCC) to test and certify the performance of solar collectors and systems. SRCC and the shakeout of marginal producers helped reduce a major barrier to solar water heating—reliability—and significant progress was also made in reducing costs. The SWH firms that remain today generally have high-quality products and good service records. Technologically, the glass/metal designs and shortcomings in freeze protection were the major barriers to reducing costs and expanding potential markets beyond the Sunbelt, which has been the focus of near-term research. Initially, the SHL Subprogram began with a robust research effort in active solar space heating and cooling. Advances were made, but markets have been fairly limited. Budget reductions forced the SHL Subprogram to narrow its focus to its current portfolio, which focuses mainly on water heating and solar hybrid lighting. R&D to reduce costs is a principal reason for the federal government being involved in solar water heating and space heating for buildings. Solar manufacturers are generally small businesses with limited resources and expertise. These manufacturers are constantly facing manufacturing and system design issues that affect the reliability, lifetime systems costs, and overall cost effectiveness of their products; yet they do not have the resources to conduct cost reduction R&D. However, the DOE and its national laboratories have extensive expertise and facilities that can be critical to the long-term success of these manufacturers. The systems currently being developed (e.g., all-polymer systems, as in Fig. 3.3.2-1) by the SHL Subprogram are a radical departure from past/currently available technology (e.g., copper, glass, aluminum). It is highly unlikely that the U.S. SWH industry would be developing these low-cost systems without DOE financial and technical assistance. Fig. 3.3.2-1 Prototype polymer solar water heater for warm climates. Also extremely important to understand is the connection of the SHL Subprogram to the Building Technologies Program. The long-term goal of EERE’s Building Technologies Program is to develop buildings that are “capable of generating as much energy as they use.” To meet this goal in the residential building market and have large-scale, market-viable “Zero Energy Homes,” significant advances are needed in efficiency and cost reduction. Optimization analysis confirms that increasing building equipment and envelope efficiency to maximum technology will reduce 81PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power
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