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energy needs by 69% in new homes. The remaining 31% of energy needs must be supplied by renewable energy sources. Photovoltaic and solar-thermal space and water heating can provide this energy supply in all U.S. climate regions, but currently, only for a large installed cost. It is critical that the cost of these high-priority technologies be minimized to ensure that affordable solutions are available to reach the Zero Energy Home goal. At a quarter of the cost of PV, solar-thermal systems can be used quite effectively to meet space-conditioning loads, in addition to water-heating loads. Therefore, the costs of solar water and space heating systems must be reduced if the Building Technologies Program is to reach its strategic goal. Hybrid Solar Lighting The HSL concept dates back to the early 1970s. In 1999, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) initiated work with funding provided by ORNL’s internal R&D program, by the Office of Building Technologies, and the Solar Program. This work led to the FY 2003 working prototype of the HSL system. Funding by the Solar Program in the last few years has led to a simpler, more-efficient, and less-expensive second-generation system. Recent technical developments include a high-precision linear actuator in combination with a gear-train drive unit that is expected to reduce the system’s tracker unit cost from $25,000 to $8,000, while still providing high-accuracy tracking. A New Zealand vendor is under contract to provide a mirror that will replace the current 48-inch-diameter, 50-pound glass mirror that costs $3,5000 with a 9-pound acrylic mirror estimated to cost less than $300. ORNL is working with the Hybrid Lighting Partnership, a broad-based public/private alliance to commercialize HSL. This partnership also includes the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), Wal-Mart, the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD), JX Crystals, SAIC, 3M, Honeywell, ROC Glassworks, Array Technologies, Edison Electric Institute, Sunlight Direct, several prominent universities, and other national laboratories. 3.3.3 SHL Strategic and Performance Goals Solar Water Heating In FY 2002, the SHL Subprogram set a goal of reducing the LCOE of solar water heating in mild Sunbelt climates from today’s $0.08–$0.10/kWh to $0.04–$0.06/kWh by 2006. Although progress has been slowed by both diversion of funds to congressionally directed activities and funding at roughly half the levels requested, laboratory research is nearly complete on new polymers and manufacturing processes for SWH systems in warm climates. The SHL Subprogram is now ready to prove the reliability of these polymer systems in the field. Also, the new goal is to reduce the cost of solar water heating in freezing climates from today’s $0.11–$0.12/kWh to $0.05–$0.06/kWh by 2011. The following strategic goals and performance targets are planned over the 2007–2012 period, based on the long-term goal of solar water heating and solar space heating being competitive with electric or gas alternatives within a 10- year horizon. As with all solar-driven technologies, performance depends on solar incidence and depends on location; therefore, cost goals are stated for an average climate within the target market. Strategic Long-Term Goals • Develop low-cost solar water heaters for warm climates that will be cost-competitive with conventional technologies, with LCOE of 4–6¢/kWh. This represents a 25%–50% reduction in LCOE. • Develop low-cost systems for solar water heating in cold climates and for combined building heating and cooling that have LCOE of 6¢/kWh. This represents a 50%–70% cost reduction, depending on application. 5-Year Performance Goals and Technical Objectives • By 2007, develop and evaluate SWH prototypes for cold climates; develop and evaluate active concepts for combined solar heating and cooling systems; and assist industry in implementing new concepts in integrated roof/hot-water systems for cold climates. • By 2009, field test cold-climate SWH prototypes; develop combined solar heating and cooling system prototypes. 82PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power
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