Concentrating Solar Power

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Concentrating Solar Power ( concentrating-solar-power )

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drivers in the early adoption of HSL. R&D will improve system performance, increase system lifetime, and reduce system cost. And these accomplishments will likely lead to greater penetration into the larger market of existing buildings and commercial buildings with fluorescent lighting only. As system price declines and secondary benefits of the technology are demonstrated (particularly improvements in employee productivity), the use of HSL systems in commercial building spaces to replace other lighting will become more cost effective and attractive. 3.3.5 SHL Reference System Descriptions Solar Water Heating Two distinct system types are used for solar water heating: passive and active. Passive systems use supply water pressure to move water through the system whenever hot water is drawn; thermal energy storage is integral to the collector. Figure 3.3.5-1 shows an integral collector-storage (ICS) system. Another type of passive system is the thermosiphon system. The collector in these systems is more like an active collector in that it has only a small inventory of water in it. The storage tank is placed above the collector and water circulates through the collector to the tank due to temperature differences as the sunlight warms the water. A limitation of passive systems is that the water in the system can freeze during extended periods of freezing weather. Thus, their application is limited to mild climates. Fig. 3.3.5-1 Passive integral collector-storage solar water-heating system for warm climates. Active systems circulate a heat-transfer fluid through the collector, transferring heat to storage (Fig. 3.3.5-2). Active systems require a pump and associated controller to circulate the fluid. In mild climates, tap water from the storage tank is circulated through the collector (i.e., direct-circulation system). In colder climates, a non-freezing mixture of water and propylene glycol is used in a closed heat-transfer loop, or water can be circulated in an unpressurized open loop and drained back at night to prevent freeze damage (i.e., drainback system). In addition to providing solar hot water, active systems can also be sized to provide space heat. 84

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