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HSL Reference System. The 2006 baseline HSL system has the following features: • 48-inch-diameter glass primary mirror (collects 1 m2 of sunlight) • Optical-fiber bundle length is 30 feet • System operating lifetime is 15 years • Capable of delivering 45,000 lumens of natural light per collector. 3.3.6 SHL Technical (Non-Market) Challenges/Barriers Solar Water Heating SWC technical challenges will be discussed below under the three headings of warm-climate SWH, cold-climate SWH, and combined heating and cooling. Target are also given for 2006, 2011, and 2015 for warm-climate SWH, cold-climate SWH, and combined heating and cooling, respectively. Warm-Climate SWH. The warm-climate SWH activity is planned to conclude before the 2007–2012 period addressed by this Multi-Year Program Plan. But it is presented here to reflect the current status of the SHL Subprogram. Also, the challenges experienced in this R&D effort are very similar to the challenges expected in the cold-climate SWH and combined heating and cooling system activities described in this plan. 2006 Target: Develop low-cost SWHs for warm climates that will be cost-competitive with conventional technologies, with LCOE of 4–6¢/kWh. Challenges/Barriers: • Cost reduction. The primary challenge is cost reduction of the collector, storage, and balance of system, while still maintaining performance levels comparable to conventional copper/glass/aluminum systems. Other current challenges are listed below. • Reliability/durability. Passive ICS collectors are appropriate for warm climates, but polymer ICS systems include materials that are new to the building market. – Continued exposure testing is needed to show that properly ultraviolet (UV)-protected polycarbonates and acrylics do not yellow or fail mechanically. – The polymer absorbers are potentially subject to degradation and failure at high temperatures; uncertainty stemming from generally unavailable high-temperature data needs to be resolved. – Heat exchangers—whether first-generation copper heat exchangers or polymer heat exchangers under development—can fail under high temperature and pressure because of chlorine damage and scale accumulation that blocks passageways. – At the system level, pipe freezing of the supply/return pipes has always been an issue for passive systems when they are installed in climates that have occasional hard freezes. – Expected durability of roof-integrated collectors in extended operation needs to be demonstrated. • Building codes. The new materials introduced in polymer ICS systems raise several questions with building- code organizations. – SWH code bodies (SRCC and others) must conduct certification testing of solar collectors. – Polymer collector materials and system designs must be accepted by building-code officials. – Appropriate methods for rating unpressurized ICS systems with immersed load-side heat exchangers are required. • Manufacturing. Manufacturing for polymer SWH systems must be developed, tested, and refined. 86PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power
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