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Table 3.3.6-1 Cost-Reduction Opportunities—Cold-Climate SWH 2011 Target: Develop low-cost SWH systems in cold climates that will be cost-competitive with conventional technologies, with LCOE of 6¢/kWh. Challenges/Barriers: • Collector – Cost. Reduce current manufacturing cost from $110–170/m2 ($10–15/ft2) to ~$54/m2 ($5/ft2) for active SWH systems and ~$22/m2 ($2/ft2) for active combined heating and cooling (CHC) systems. – High temperatures. Collectors must withstand stagnation temperatures of ~250°–450°F, depending on glazing and absorber properties. Generally speaking, metal-glass collectors handle dry stagnation without major issue, although insulation or gaskets may degrade more rapidly over time. High temperature becomes critical generally only for polymer-based absorbers. – Installation. Today’s metal-glass collectors weigh about 3 lb/ft2, which is heavier than desirable for efficient installation. – Durability/reliability. Lifetime of polymer collectors is expected to be less than that for metal-glass collectors. • Storage – Cost. For active systems with storage separate from collector, storage is a major cost component. Today’s pressurized storage tanks start at ~$3/gallon, or ~$250 for an 80-gallon storage. Costs increase drastically if a heat exchanger is included in the storage. – Lifetime/reliability. Today’s pressurized tanks in conventional applications have a mean life of about 12 years. Tank replacement represents the largest single expense in O&M costs. Tank lifetime should be longer than the expected collector/system lifetime to avoid any significant costs from tank replacements. • Balance of system (BOS includes pump/controls and piping/valving) – Cost. Typical cost for a differential-temperature (∆T) controller plus AC-powered pump combination is ~$200 in hardware, with ~$100 incremental installation cost. Running, soldering, and insulating hard copper piping is a significant part of installation cost, estimated at $450. – Reliability. ∆T-controller-pump failures contribute about $300 to O&M present-value cost. Plumbing valves and other components individually have been identified as the cause of most installation error and a significant contributor to be reduced. Combined Heating and Cooling. A 2015 target is given before describing several challenges or barriers for the CHC technology. 88PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power
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