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2015 Target: Develop low-cost systems for combined building heating and cooling that will be cost-competitive with conventional technologies, with LCOE of 6¢/kWh. Challenges/Barriers: • Collector. To supply the same amount of space-heating saving as SWH savings, the glazed system area devoted to space heating must be larger (due to lower incidence, lower ambient temperatures and efficiencies). For an unglazed system, collector areas are roughly twice that required for a glazed system for equivalent savings. • Storage. Compared to SWH, space heating requires larger ratios of storage volume per unit collector area, because energy must be stored for a longer time. The optimal storage size range is not well established as yet. • Balance of system. CHC systems need distribution systems, which may present additional cost. Distribution options include radiant floor and/or ceiling and duct fan coils. Circulation strategies and controls for CHC systems must accommodate seasonal switchover between heating and cooling. • System integration. System control is more complex with CHC systems. For unglazed systems both collecting and rejecting heat (cooling), there will likely be a separate domestic hot water (DHW) and space-conditioning (heating and cooling) tank. Control of flow of heat to DHW and space-heating storage must be managed optimally. Figure 3.3.6-2 shows the TIO impacts on LCOE for the hypothetical reference cold-climate SWH system in 2006, the 2011 target for a cold-climate SWH, and the 2015 target for a CHC system. Three Tier 1 TIOs—collector, storage, and BOS—are shown, as well as costs related to installation, market, and O&M. Indirect costs such as overhead are included in the Tier 1 TIO costs. All costs are also referenced to the performance of the systems in Baltimore, MD, a cold-climate city fairly close to the U.S. average for solar radiation and temperatures. Fig. 3.3.6-2 Impact of TIO on LCOE for cold-climate solar water heating and combined heating and cooling systems. 89PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power
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