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Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies maintenance (O&M) expenses. Examples of benefits include energy and the associated bill savings (from displacement of fuel and/or electricity from the utility); tax credits; and revenues from such items as renewable energy credits (RECs) and carbon credits. Costs and benefits change over time and are affected by DG technology performance. The following sections discuss significant drivers to costs and benefits of DG technologies. 2.2.1 Drivers to DG Technology Costs Changes in equipment costs can be a significant driver to overall DG technology costs. Equipment costs can decrease due to advancements in manufacturing processes, incorporation of less expensive materials, and more streamlined installation methods, to name a few. In general, most technologies follow a learning curve that reflects reduced capital costs as more is learned about ways to manufacture the technology. Solar PV equipment costs are a good example. Figure 2-1 shows how PV module prices dropped between 1976 and 2005 as improvements were made in manufacturing PV modules. Similar approaches in developing learning curves can be applied to other DG technologies to help identify how capital costs may change over time. The manner in which DG projects are financed has been undergoing changes. Traditionally, many DG projects were financed using a firm’s working capital either through free cash flows from other operations or through a debt/equity arrangement to maximize the firm’s return on investment. A growing trend is for project developers (through limited partnerships) to finance and own DG systems and entering into Power Purchasing Agreements with the host sites. In these instances, the investment costs have shifted from end users who have limited investment capability or ability to monetize certain tax attributes to third parties who recapture the investment through a combination of tax credits and contracted energy payments (via the power purchase agreements). Itron, Inc. 2-3 Introduction and BackgroundPDF Image | Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies
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