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Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies A biogas model was developed to estimate the added costs associated with converting, capturing, and cleaning biogas at the source (e.g., dairy, landfill, wastewater treatment facility, etc.). To develop cost estimates, we developed estimates of the flow of biogas needed for the project. The expected input fuel gas flow rate of each technology was estimated as follows: The energy required to fuel the system for one year (expressed above as kWhin) is the product of the rated capacity of the system, the numbers of hours in the year (8760) and the average annual capacity factor (CF) of the technology divided by its electrical efficiency (ηelectrical). Capacity factors and electrical efficiency values were based on metered values obtained from biogas- powered SGIP facilities and then compared to other reported test data in order to provide sound engineering estimates of representative biogas flows for each technology. The daily flow of biogas (SCFDBioGasIn) required for each technology is the product of the required energy input (kWhin) converted to Btu divided by the energy content of the biogas and the number of days in the year. For this study, we assumed biogas had an average higher heating value of 600 Btu per standard cubic foot. Once daily biogas flow rates were established for each technology, capital and operations/maintenance costs were calculated for the appropriate anaerobic digestion, gas capture, and cleanup processes. As a result, biogas conversion, collection, and processing costs could be provided on a capital and O&M basis or provided in a unit price per energy (i.e., $ per million Btu), similar to natural gas. Estimating Biogas Conversion and Collection Costs As indicated earlier, biogas conversion system costs were developed only for biogas systems used at dairies or food processing facilities. Three different types of anaerobic digesters were considered when estimating the costs of biogas conversion and capture processes for these applications: covered lagoons, complete mix digesters, and plug flow digesters. The operating principle behind all three digesters is the same: methane-rich biogas gas is generated and captured as a result of bacteria digesting the solid or liquid biomass resources. However, the three systems differ in the types of biomass resources they can digest and their associated costs. A covered lagoon digester consists of a storage lagoon with a cover. Liquid biomass wastes (e.g., dairy manure or food processing wastes) are diverted to the storage lagoon. The cover Itron, Inc. Appendix A-5 DG TechnologiesPDF Image | Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies
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