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4 5 Personal communication with Zhiqin Zhang, California Energy Commission, 2007. The EPA AgStar cost models can be found at EPA‘s website: http://www.epa.gov/agstar/documents/digester_cost_fs.pdf Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies traps the gas produced during the biological breakdown of the mostly liquid waste. The generated biogas is extracted from inside the cover and then cleaned up or flared depending on the intended use of the biogas. Covered lagoon digesters are a common approach for dairy biogas operations. In general, covered lagoon digesters tend to be less capital-intensive than other digester systems and are best suited for warmer climates. Complete mix digesters are similar to the digestion systems used at wastewater treatment plants. They rely on a mixture of the biomass waste seeded with bacteria in a heated tank that can be located above or below ground to break down the biomass waste. These systems are suitable for larger biomass waste volumes. However, the waste must be continuously mixed to prevent the entrained solids from sinking to the bottom. Complete mix digesters can be expensive to build and maintain. Plug flow digesters consist of a long, rectangular container with an airtight expandable cover. New biomass material added to the tank at one end pushes older material to the opposite end and anaerobic digestion releases biogas as the material flows through the digester. Plug flow digesters require some heat but otherwise minimal maintenance. For simplicity, the only biogas source considered in the biogas model was animal manure. On average, each animal (assumed for simplicity to be a cow) was expected to produce 65 standard cubic feet of biogas per day (SCFD) regardless of digester type.4 The total amount of gas associated with different numbers of animals, and in turn total capital costs per number of animals, can then be calculated based on this assumption and using cost models developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) AgStar Program.5 Figure A-3 summarizes the capital cost of each type of digester system as a function of number of animals. Note that the only system that appears to scale up properly for large number of animals may be the covered lagoon. In California the average dairy has 8,000-12,000 animals. The resulting estimated capital costs for plug flow or complete mix digesters for dairies larger than 5,000 animals appear high. As a result, we used the more conservative capital cost estimates associated with covered lagoon digesters for larger-scale applications (e.g., gas turbines or larger IC engines). Itron, Inc. Appendix A-6 DG TechnologiesPDF Image | Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies
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