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Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies load changes more quickly than other fuel cell designs. As a result, PEM fuel cells have seen moderate penetration in hydrogen vehicle applications. They are also starting to appear in residential DG applications as costs decrease. PEMs require a very pure fuel supply at the anode to prevent poisoning and fouling of the catalyst (they are particularly intolerant of CO). Ideally the cell should be supplied with pure hydrogen and oxygen. However, most DG applications use hydrogen reformed from natural gas at the anode and ambient air at the cathode; both leading to lower efficiencies and shorter stack life. Two of the largest vendors in the DG market are Ballard Power Systems and ClearEdge Power. Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC) operate in the same way as PEMs except that the ion carrying electrolyte is 100% concentrated phosphoric acid. PAFC‘s operate at slightly higher temperatures than PEMs (150–220 oC) making them more suitable for CHP applications. CO poisoning at the anode can be an issue as it is with PEMs. Currently, UTC power is one of the most prominent PAFC vendors in the United States. Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) operate at high temperatures (600-700 oC) and, therefore, do not require expensive catalysts to reform natural gas (like platinum in PEMs and PAFCs), making them more suitable to CHP applications. Unlike the low temperature cells previously discussed, MCFCs are tolerant of CO and require CO2 at the cathode to operate, making them a better potential fit for biogas applications. The chemical reaction is also very different and involves a carbonate ion traveling across molten salt instead of a hydrogen ion. FuelCell Energy is currently one of the most prominent MCFC vendors. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) are also high temperature fuel cells (600–1000 oC), making them ideal for CHP. In this case an oxygen ion crosses a solid metal oxide electrolyte. Bloom Energy is one vendor of SOFCs and is aggressively pursuing SOFC sales in the United States. For the purposes of this report, PEM fuel cells appear to be the fuel cell technology most viable at the residential scale (5 kW rated capacity) and was used in the model for residential fuel cell applications. A combination of all other technologies (PAFC, MCFC, SOFC) was used for the large non-residential scale (i.e., at a 1,200 kW rated capacity) applications that included waste heat recovery. The Bloom Energy SOFC acted as the basis for the electrical only non-residential fuel cell applications.10 10 Bloom Energy‘s fuel cell was selected to represent the electric only fuel cell application as they had the vast majority of applications into the SGIP using this configuration. Itron, Inc. Appendix A-14 DG TechnologiesPDF Image | Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies
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