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Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies Air Pollution Emissions The following table summarizes air pollution emissions data taken from different fuel cell manufacturer‘s specifications. The non-residential emissions values were taken from fuel cells different in size than the nominal 1200 kW capacity used in the model. However, the emissions are on a per-MWh basis and were presumed to scale appropriately. Note that CHP fuel cells offset boiler fuel (assumed to be natural gas for this study). Waste heat recovery values were therefore used to estimate offset boiler emissions. Table A-9: Air Pollution Emissions Data Pollutant Non-Residential 1200 kW Residential 5 kW CO2 (lb/MWh) NOx (lb/MWh) PM10 (lb/MWh) 863 1,360 0.03 0.06 0.00002 0.00002 Ramp Rates and Generator Profiles Ramp rate refers to the ability of a generator to respond to changes in load. For example, a CHP system may be sized to meet a significant amount of on-site thermal load. However, depending on the price of retail rate electricity at peak hours, the CHP facility system operator may ramp up or down the amount of electricity being generated (with commensurate changes in thermal production) to optimize the cost-effectiveness of the system. While some low temperature fuel cells such as the UTC 400 (PAFC) or PEM have the ability to follow changes in load up to 10kW per sec (as per the UTC 400 specification sheet), a typical fuel cell installation is intended to operate at constant load. As part of the impact evaluation work conducted on the SGIP, metered data was collected on a number of the fuel cell systems deployed under the program. In a number of instances, 15- minute electricity generation data was collected over the course of a full year (i.e., 8760 hours). To assess the load following aspects of the different DG technologies, hourly load profiles across the 2008 calendar year were developed. Figure A-8 and Figure A-9 are representative generation profiles for fuel cell systems deployed under the SGIP in the SDG&E and PG&E service territories, respectively. Itron, Inc. Appendix A-18 DG TechnologiesPDF Image | Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies
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