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Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies A.3.2 Technology Operating Characteristics Electrical Efficiency Electrical conversion efficiency for a turbine is defined as the useful power output divided by the fuel consumption. The energy content of fuel can be calculated using lower heating value (LHV) or higher heating value (HHV). For natural gas, the higher heating value is greater than the lower heating value by about 11%.22 In turn, heat rate is often used in describing the efficiency of a generation system. Heat rate is expressed as the number of BTUs of heat required to produce a kilowatt-hour of energy. Operators of generating facilities can make reasonably accurate estimates of the amount of heat energy a given quantity of fuel produces. The following equation can be used to estimate the electrical efficiency of a generator: When used with heat rate, the equation becomes: Heat rate of Kawasaki and Solar Turbine gas turbines can be found on their specification sheets, and is useful as representative heat rates for small gas turbines. For Kawasaki, the heat rates range from about 18,956 Btu/kWh for systems smaller than 1 MW; 14,217 Btu/kWh for 1,500kW systems, and 12,795 Btu/kWh for 4 MW systems. This is slightly higher than Solar Turbines, which advertises a heat rate around 14,000 Btu/kWh for 1.2 MW systems, and 8,862 Btu/kWh for 4.6 MW systems. Based on these heat rates, efficiencies of small gas turbines in the 1 to 4 MW size range should generally fall between 24% and 39% (LHV). Ambient air temperature and altitude has a noticeable effect on the power output and the efficiency of gas turbines. Decreased airflow mass rate will result in a power decrease, while efficiency decreases because the compressor requires more power to compress air of higher temperature. It takes more work for the turbine to compress less dense higher-altitude air thus reducing the efficiency of the units. Figure A-16 and Figure A-17 from Solar Turbines and Kawasaki respectively, show the relationship between power output and heat rate versus air temperature. 22 Within this report, LHV is used in determining efficiency. Itron, Inc. Appendix A-28 DG TechnologiesPDF Image | Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies
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