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Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies Electrical Efficiency Electrical efficiency of these cycles is generally quite low; ranging from 10% to 20%.36 The low efficiency is partly due to lower operating temperatures, and commensurately smaller net temperature change. Because ORC systems do not require high temperature differences, waste heat is a good source of heat input for ORC systems. Low grade waste heat can be found in many industrial processes and from the waste heat discharged from internal combustion engines. For the purposes of this cost-effectiveness study, the assumption is that the ORC system has an electrical efficiency of 15%. Air Pollution Emissions As ORC systems are closed-loop cycles and use waste heat, there is no fuel input. Consequently, ORC systems have no air pollution emissions. Ramp Rates and Generator Profiles Ramp rate for an ORC system is dependent on the source providing the waste heat. If a turbine was to be started from a cold condition without any warm up, the temperature strains set in the casing and rotors by a rapid heating will cause harm. Consequently, these units need to be slowly warmed up, by recommended ramp rates. According to Freepower, it takes about 40 minutes for their 120 kW system to reach full power from a cold start. This translates to a ramp rate of 2.5% of rated capacity per minute. A.6.3 Current Technology Capital Costs Pricing of ORC systems will typically range anywhere from $2,000 to $4,000/kW. The capital costs may be offset by the low maintenance costs, and low (or in some cases, zero) fuel costs.37 Turboden was recently purchased by United Technologies Corporation (UTC). UTC gave costs for their Turboden TD6 and TD22 models as $1,600,000 and $2,800,000, respectively. These costs included only the ORC units, and did not include any installation or related costs. UTC also indicated that the ORC unit is about 20-25% of the total cost of installation costs. 36 Quoilin, Sylvain. Lemort, Vincent. "Technological and Economical Survey of Organic Rankine Cycle Systems". 2009. http://www.labothap.ulg.ac.be/cmsms/uploads/File/ECEMEI_PaperULg_SQVL090407.pdf 37 "From Waste Heat to Power" http://www.distributedenergy.com/january-february-2008/from-waste-heat-2.aspx Itron, Inc. Appendix A-66 DG TechnologiesPDF Image | Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies
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