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Fuel Costs ($/kWh) Heat Costs ($/kWh) O&M Costs ($/kWh) $0.000 $0.005 $0.002 $0.007 Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies A.6.4 Technology Operating and Maintenance (O&M) Costs INGAA also considered the operating costs that are associated with the power generation costs. The INGAA operating cost estimates are provided in Table A-41. Table A-41: ORC System Operating Costs Operating Costs Operating Costs to Generate Power ($/kWh) Source: INGAA. Waste Energy Recovery Opportunities for Interstate Natural Gas Pipelines. No fuel is accounted in the case using waste heat from an industrial process. As ORC systems do not require a licensed steam plant operator for 24/7 monitoring, the operating costs are also relatively small compared to a typical steam plant. The total operating costs provided matches to the annual maintenance costs provided by Freepower, a UK-based company that designs its ORCs for waste heat recovery. This company confirmed that for the first five years the price of O&M would be approximately $0.007/kWh. An O&M cost of $0.007/kWh was used for SGIPce modeling purposes. A.6.5 Estimating Future Capital Costs Figure A-37 shows a learning factor of 0.85 for ORC modules.40 The learning curve was developed for ORC modules used in the European market. As production is limited to date, the learning curve is not steep. It is also important to recognize that an ORC system is a part of a larger power generation or industrial operation. Consequently, other factors must be taken into account when estimating future cost reductions. In addition, some ORC system components are mass-produced (i.e., pumps and heat exchangers), while other components are custom manufactured for specific applications.41 40 ―System Analysis for Progress and Innovation in Energy Technologies for Integrated Assessment,‖ http://www.eusustel.be/public/documents_publ/WP/WP5/SAPIENTIA-Final%20Report.pdf. 2005. 41 Ibid. Itron, Inc. Appendix A-69 DG TechnologiesPDF Image | Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies
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