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Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies The maximum capacity of turbines has grown dramatically in the last 20 years and has continued to increase; now exceeding 3 MW. The majority of new turbines are between 1 and 2.5 MW each. Table A-42 shows percentages by capacity range of annual turbines installations in the United States. Until recently turbines on the order of 1 MW had been considered ̳utility-scale‘ or ̳wind farm-scale‘ turbines, distinct from smaller, ̳farm-scale‘ or ̳community-scale‘ turbines. The distinction is becoming blurred, however, as both farmers and communities install individual turbines of 1 MW or more. Table A-42: Size Distribution on Number of Turbines Installed in United States Source: R. Wiser and M. Bolinger, ―Annual Report on U.S. Wind Power Installation, Cost, and Performance Trends 2008,‖, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2009. The American Wind Energy Association reports that eight of the 101 new wind power projects in 2009 used a single turbine. These single turbines ranged in size from 100 kW to 2 MW. Another 10 of the 2009 projects had fewer than 10 turbines but all the turbines were 1 MW or larger and some were 2.5 MW. ―Farm‖ and ―community‖ wind projects increasingly are using the very turbines previously thought of as ―utility-scale.‖ Many economic factors influence the decision to choose one turbine capacity over another, and whether or not to install single or multiple turbines. For example, offshore wind farms lean toward very large turbines due to the high cost of installing a single one, whatever its capacity might be. Likewise, smaller capacities might be chosen, and larger numbers of them installed, where there is ample land area but no cranes readily available to install very large capacity turbines. Indeed, offshore wind development has been limited in part by too few ship platforms with crane capacities available to install very large turbines. Meanwhile lower unit costs ($/kW) of larger turbines may make them more attractive than smaller turbines, but their energy output may be greater than the owner can effectively use or sell. Still, units over 2 MW have been installed as stand-alone turbines. Installation of turbines necessarily requires the output power be conditioned properly for its use or sale. In most cases alternating current (AC) power is required. When connected to an AC Itron, Inc. Appendix A-74 DG TechnologiesPDF Image | Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies
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