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Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies more than 5 MW in capacity. These limits nevertheless allow for projects to have multiple turbines rated under 30 kW or even one turbine rated at 3 MW. Technology Operating Characteristics Wind turbines cannot be dispatched like conventional generation units. They also may have wide variations in power output. Their output depends on the local wind speed, air temperature, and air density, and so can be quite variable depending on location. This variability may have diurnal cycles, seasonal cycles, or both, again depending on location. Wind turbine manufacturers specify rated capacities of their turbine at specific atmospheric conditions; typically wind seeds over 30 miles per hour that are near ideal for continuous, high output. Turbines may generate above their rated capacities under different conditions, but generally they operate below their rated capacities. The design of power conditioning equipment for turbines and wind farms must address the potential for variable output, particularly momentary lapses and surges in output. This is especially the case when interconnected to the grid. Depending upon their magnitudes, output lapses and surges may pose operational problems for transmission and distribution equipment and even for conventional generation units. If insufficient transmission capacity is available for power export, some wind farms cannot export all of their energy. Various forms of energy storage may be used to modulate turbine output. These include capacitive storage, beneficial for momentary variability and reactive power support to the grid, as well as pumped storage that permits the storage to be dispatched somewhat like conventional generation. Proper selection of a site for a turbine depends largely on local atmospheric conditions. Locations with extreme wind gusts are avoided to reduce risk of potential damage to overstressed turbine components. Locations with high wind speeds during summer afternoon are preferable as their energy will have the most economic value if sold into the grid. While without direct air pollutant emissions, wind turbines may pose environmental problems depending on location. Noise poses a problem near to and downwind of turbines. Visibility may be a problem. Site development may require new road building in areas with ecological sensitivities. Local and migratory bird and bat populations may be at risk while flying near turbines. The same is true for passing air traffic, and for ship traffic near offshore turbines. In a few cases radar interference has been a problem. These potential problems may raise costs related to obtaining local construction and operational permits, or may prevent installation altogether. Itron, Inc. Appendix A-76 DG TechnologiesPDF Image | Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies
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