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Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies unit costs were 23% greater than that of the larger project. Economies of scale thus may be seen in both individual turbine and total project capacities. Conclusion on Capital Costs Considering the project sizes SGIP currently encourages, a unit capital cost of $2,190/kW (2009$) is considered as the basis for evaluating wind turbine cost-effectiveness. A.7.3 Technology Operating and Maintenance (O&M) Costs Included Costs Operations and maintenance (O&M) costs are ongoing costs after any wind turbine is installed. For community wind projects these annual costs typically average between 4 and 5% of total capital costs.44 Land lease, property tax, and land rental costs may not apply if they are already otherwise paid for a facility that would install a turbine on its own property. On-Going Operations Wind turbines have no fuel costs but have many areas of fixed and variable operations and maintenance costs. A site or facility will have certain fixed annual costs whether or not there are multiple turbines or large or small turbines. These include salaries for operations and administration personnel, for site maintenance personnel, and for such equipment and supplies needed for daily operations. They also include insurance against major failures, and may include property taxes and rent or land lease costs as appropriate. They may also include set asides for major replacements would not be covered under warranty or insurance. These annual costs continue over the turbine‘s lifetime. Variable costs arise from turbine maintenance and repair. These include labor, parts, and consumables (e.g., lubricants and filters). Variable costs will increase over the turbine‘s lifetime as more components require replacement as the turbine ages, and as manufacturers‘ warranties expire. Figure A-41 shows average fixed and variable O&M costs (2004 dollars) per turbine based on a 60 MW project composed of 40 turbines, each rated at 1.5 MW in capacity. This figure includes a levelized fix cost set aside for major component overhauls or replacements. Bollinger has estimated ongoing variable O&M costs for wind turbine systems at approximately $0.0075/kWh.45 44 Northwest Sustainable Energy for Economic Development, Community Wind: An Oregon Guidebook, 2005. 45 Bollinger, M., Revealing the Hidden Value that the Federal Investment Tax Credit and Treasury Cash Grant Provide to Community Wind Projects, LBNL, January 2010, pg. 21. Itron, Inc. Appendix A-80 DG TechnologiesPDF Image | Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies
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