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Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies Non-metallic materials have also seen sharp increases in prices. From 2004 to 2008 the cost of acrylonitrile, used to produce carbon fiber used in turbine blades, increased by 48%.47 Concrete costs also have risen with energy costs generally due to the high embedded energy content of cement. Metal price increases since 2001 have shown a clear change from long-term downward trends or stable costs. The prices of various qualities of steel prices have mostly doubled, but some have tripled or quadrupled between 2001 and 2008.48 Meanwhile, the Consumer Price Index has only increased 24% from 2000 to 2008. If such trends continue turbine prices may not fall despite technological progress and greater volumes of manufacture. A 2009 LBNL report describes substantial drops in energy and commodity prices in late 2008.49 If this trend continues it may lower turbine material and installation costs. The weakness in the finance sector since 2008 also has led to a relative surplus of turbines, resulting in a buyer‘s market. There also is a growing market in refurbished wind turbines as older wind farms upgrade to newer and often larger units. Such cost reductions and better terms for buyers will put downward pressure on future project costs. Apart from these market factors, technology improvements and greater economies of scale also may put downward pressure on future capital and O&M costs. 47 Ibid. 48 Library of Congress Congressional Research Service, Minerals Price Increases and Volatility: Causes and Consequences (October 3, 2008). 49 R.Wiser and M. Bolinger, Annual Report on U.S. Wind Power Installation, Cost, and Performance Trends: 2008, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (2009). Itron, Inc. Appendix A-86 DG TechnologiesPDF Image | Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies
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