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Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies A.8 Storage A.8.1 Technology Summary There are a variety of potential energy storage options for the electric sector, each with unique operational, performance, and cycling and durability characteristics. Despite the large anticipated need for energy storage solutions within the electric enterprise, very few grid-integrated storage installations are in actual operation in the United States today. This landscape is expected to change around 2011–2012, when a host of new storage options supported by more than $250 million in U.S. stimulus funding begin to emerge and, in turn, catalyze a portfolio of new energy storage demonstrations. Such tests in real-world trials will provide needed data and information on the robustness of such systems, including performance and durability, cycle life costs, and risks. Each type of energy storage technology has its own capital cost and operating cost parameters. Technology costs and application values are very sensitive to the configuration of the storage system both in terms of discharge capacity (MW) and energy storage capacity (MWh). A summary of energy storage technologies is presented in Figure A-44. There are four broad categories of energy storage technologies: 1. Ultra-fast response – short duration: Flywheels and super capacitors can respond in less than one second but are limited in the amount of energy that can be stored. 2. Fast response – medium duration: Li-ion and lead acid batteries can respond in several seconds or less and are generally configured to deliver energy from 1-4 hours. 3. Medium response – long duration: Flow batteries can generally store greater amounts of energy, 6-10 hours or more. They can also respond relatively quickly, but take some time to switch from charging to discharging mode. 4. Bulk Storage – CAES and pumped hydro are large, utility-scale technologies providing 10 or more hours of energy storage. Itron, Inc. Appendix A-87 DG TechnologiesPDF Image | Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies
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