Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies

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Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies ( cost-effectiveness-distributed-generation-technologies )

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Cost-Effectiveness of Distributed Generation Technologies Figure A-44: Energy Storage Technology Landscape UPS Power Quality T&D Grid Support Load Shifting Flow Batteries: Zn-Cl Zn-Air Zn-Br VRB PSB New Chemistries Bulk Power Mgt CAES Pumped Hydro High-Energy Supercapacitors Advanced Lead-Acid Battery NaS Battery NiCd Li-Ion Battery NaNiCl2 Battery Lead-Acid Battery NiMH High-Power Flywheels High-Power Supercapacitors SMES 1 kW 10 kW 100 kW 1 MW 10 MW 100 MW 1 GW System Power Ratings, Module Size Source: Electric Energy Storage Technology Options: A White Paper Primer on Applications, Costs and Benefits. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA, 2010. 1020676. A.8.2 Current Technology Capital Costs Cost and performance specifications for all technologies, including Li-ion are extremely uncertain. EPRI research indicates that in the near-term some storage technology costs could decrease significantly as the electric vehicle industry ramps up battery production. Advanced lead-acid batteries, Zn/Br flow batteries, and emerging Zn/air and Fe/Cr were generally found to have potential for low capital expenditure and the smallest gaps to support the energy storage business case for battery technologies. Li-ion batteries, with the most significant cost reductions anticipated via increasing production capacity, could potentially prove competitive for a number of applications in the near and longer term for energy durations less than four hours. Two sizes of Li-ion, 1 MW and 25 kW, were modeled for this report. Li-ion was chosen because the technology is used in many smaller scale commercial applications today and is receiving significant investment in R&D and manufacturing capacity for electric vehicles and other markets. The costs and performance specifications for Li-ion were taken from early drafts of the Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options White Paper published by EPRI in December Itron, Inc. Appendix A-88 DG Technologies Discharge Time at Rated Power Seconds Minutes Hours

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