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Assessment of the Costs of Geothermal Power Generation in New Zealand d) the typical (e.g. average) flow of individual wells (in kg.s-1 or t.h-1) e) the energy content of the fluids (in kJ.kg-1 or MJ.t-1), and f) the chemical nature of the fluids (which includes non condensable gases, silica content, scaling and corroding potential, and toxicity). Derived factors that result from these are as follow: g) the field power density (derived from (a) and (b)) (MW.km-2) h) well productivity (derived from (c) and (d), with a conversion efficiency) (MW.well-1), and i) well density or well spacing (from (g) and (h)) (wells.km-2 or km between wells). To some extent, and understandably, geothermal resources in New Zealand so far have been “high graded” with the best prospects and the best sectors of those having been partially developed already. Future developments (other than expansions on existing developed fields or of the Ngatamariki field) may have to rely on less easily accessible or less desirable resource characteristics. Considering each of the power project components, Table 3.1 below details some of the obvious impacts of the resource factors. Field capacity sets the upper limit for plant size, but this may be more limited by resource allocation. Three out of the five resource consents issued for new developments in New Zealand (as opposed to re-consenting) in the past decade have been for much smaller quantities than were applied for, because of long term sustainability or environmental considerations rather than physical field capacity as such. A developer may choose to develop a smaller plant, because of capital limitations, but would ideally want to develop the largest possible plant. 3.2 GeothermalSteamfield A typical approach for a geothermal steamfield development involves individual wells supplying one or more central separator stations via two phase pipelines. From the separator stations steam is piped to the power plant, and waste brine from the separators, and steam condensate from the power plant, is piped to reinjection wells. In this study pumped reinjection of waste geothermal fluids is assumed in all development options, and the cost of reinjection pumps and driving motors has been included. In practice depending on the topography and separator pressures it may be possible in some cases to avoid reinjection pumping. Sinclair Knight Merz SKM Cost of Geothermal Power Report (2007 Cost Basis)R1.doc PAGE 7PDF Image | Current Costs of Geothermal Power Generation in New Zealand
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