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Assessment of the Costs of Geothermal Power Generation in New Zealand already exist as a sunk cost), or where there is limited power demand on a remote site. They may also be integrated into more complex developments for a range of reasons as at Wairakei and the Norske Skog Tasman development at Kawerau where there a process use for the low pressure steam. In this study, it is assumed that the steam turbine cycle for new projects would be of the condensing type. 3.3.2 Secondary fluids ORC energy conversion technologies using a secondary working fluid heated indirectly by the geothermal energy include the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and one of the Kalina Cycles. ORC power plants utilizing hydrocarbons have become commonplace in the New Zealand geothermal industry over the past two decades9 with several recent developments utilizing such plant manufactured and installed by Ormat Industries. There is a worldwide installed capacity of ORC plant with a capacity in excess of 1000 MW, mostly manufactured and supplied by Ormat Industries. The standard designs for these plants are air-cooled although recently other water cooling options are also being used10. Kalina cycle power plants are binary cycle power plants utilizing ammonia-water mixtures. This cycle is a recent entry to the geothermal (or any) industry and operating experience in a geothermal environment is limited. At the present time, there are no large Kalina cycle units in geothermal service (the largest is currently a 2 MW plant at Husavik, Iceland, and the 3.4 MW Unterhaching plant in Germany commissioned in 2007 and then re-commissioned in mid 2009 after a number of early operational problems ). Siemens commercial power plants based on the Kalina cycle have been available for several years to the New Zealand market through Geodynamics Power Systems, the Australasian sole agent for Kalina technology, however, no geothermal power developments have yet been undertaken in New Zealand based on this cycle and it has not yet been demonstrated that they offer specific cost advantages over ORC plants in the same temperature range so they are not considered further in this study. For high temperature resources a combination (hybrid) cycle using back-pressure steam turbine and steam-powered ORC units, with or without further ORC units supplied with hot brine, can be utilised to provide similar overall thermal performance to a condensing steam turbine generator unit. The hybrid units supplied by Ormat are marketed as GCCU’s - geothermal combined cycle units. 9 The first geothermal ORC power plant in New Zeland comprisd two 1.3 MW air cooled modular binary OEC units, supplied by Ormat to Bay of Plenty Electricity (BOPE) at Kawerau in 1989. 10 The Fang plant in Thailand is an example of a water‐cooled ORC power plant, as are those at Heber and Ormesa in the Imperial Valley in Southern California and the recently constructed Blue Mountain, Nevada and Thermo, Utah low‐temperature geothermal power plants. Sinclair Knight Merz SKM Cost of Geothermal Power Report (2007 Cost Basis)R1.doc PAGE 10PDF Image | Current Costs of Geothermal Power Generation in New Zealand
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