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Assessment of the Costs of Geothermal Power Generation in New Zealand Lower temperature / moderate productivity resources such as Ngawha and outflow zones of higher temperature resources. – resource temperatures averaging 230 oC – liquid reservoir conditions with no excess enthalpy – wells have moderate wellhead delivery pressures of about 5 bara13. Historical data indicate the outputs of New Zealand geothermal wells vary from between 0 and over 30 MW with the average value skewed to a relatively low value of about 4 to 5 MW. This probably reflects that many of the wells were drilled between the 1950’s and 1970’s when hole depths were typically to 1,200 m and only rarely to greater than 2,000 m depth, and some, such as the early wells at Wairakei and Kawerau, were of smaller diameter than is now considered standard. Outputs of wells drilled subsequently are often higher due to being drilled to greater depth thus benefiting from both shallow (high enthalpy) and deep (liquid) production zones, and in some cases from having larger diameter production holes and production casings. Future geothermal wells in New Zealand should prove to be better than this past average, due not so much to better well siting ability, but to the use of larger diameter casings and now drilling to greater depth as a matter of routine to target both shallow and deep production. Given this historical data it is reasonable to assume future geothermal wells in New Zealand will have an average output in the range of 5 to 10 MW, i.e. somewhat greater than wells typical of the Wairakei and Ohaaki developments, but significantly less than the larger output wells encountered in the higher temperature, central parts of the Mokai, Rotokawa and Kawerau fields. Considering the range of resource characteristics discussed above and considering that the development options to be costed need to include a number of different power plant cycle type with efficiencies that vary in response to plant inlet pressure, and well enthalpies (which dictate steam and brine flows), and different thermodynamic efficiencies, it is not very useful for comparative purposes to assign a single average MW rating to wells drilled into the above three resource scenarios. Instead, an “envelope” approach is undertaken here, consistent with the report objectives stated in the Introduction for developing a band of costs. For each of the three resource options, upper and lower flow rate envelopes have been taken as: 13 High envelope of 150 kg.s-1 total well flow, and Low envelope of 50 kg.s-1 of total well flow. Higher wellhead pressures are encountered at Ngawha due to its artesian characteristic, but this is unusual Sinclair Knight Merz SKM Cost of Geothermal Power Report (2007 Cost Basis)R1.doc PAGE 14PDF Image | Current Costs of Geothermal Power Generation in New Zealand
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