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Assessment of the Costs of Geothermal Power Generation in New Zealand Silica saturations from Hybrid and ORC plant have high silica saturations of typically in excess of 2.0 at the exit of the brine ORC units. With conventional geothermal plant, this would lead to rapid deposition of silica, however, it is assumed that with ORC plant the condensed steam (from the steam binaries) and the spent brine flows (from the brine binaries) are recombined downstream of the plant and the dissolved gas load from the steam ORC produces a reduction in the pH of the total fluid mix. This very usefully delays the onset of silica polymerization and deposition and allows for these otherwise unacceptably high silica saturations to be tolerated. For the purpose of this calculation, the exhaust temperature of the brine ORC has been set at the temperature at which silica saturation in the mixed condensed steam + brine are maintained at no greater than 1.5. The number of injection wells required for a geothermal development is determined by the injection capacity of each well. In the calculations given in Table 5-1 and Table 5-2 the capacity of injection wells are linked to the capacity of production wells by an Injection / Production well mass ratio. This ratio varies from 0.87 to 0.62 (which is equivalent to injection wells having from 120% to 150% greater capacity than the flows from the production wells). The lower ratio has been used for lower separator pressures / temperatures options where brine density is higher. 5.2.2 Make Up and Replacement Well Capacity During the production life of a geothermal field, gradual reservoir pressure drawdown results in mass flows from production wells reducing with time and this results in reduced steam flows (in the absence of excess enthalpy effects). The geothermal field operator will compensate for this by drilling additional wells with time to provide additional steam flow to bring total well output up to the full load requirement of the power plant. These additional wells are known as “M&R” wells (makeup and replacement wells). The actual rate of reservoir pressure rundown tends to be site specific and is determined closely by the size of the development in relation to the size of the reservoir, the extent to which reinjection is practiced (which provides reservoir pressure support and which can reduce the rate of reservoir pressure decline), and the rate of reservoir recharge. In order to determine the rates of reservoir rundown at specific sites with some level of precision, detailed numerical modeling studies are undertaken prior to the development and these are subsequently recalibrated and validated against the results of the actual reservoir performance during production. For the purpose of this cost study, an adequate representation of reservoir pressure run down with time can be approximated by a harmonic decline equation (Sanyal, 2005): W=Wi /(1+Di *t) where Wi is initial productivity, Di is the initial annual decline rate in productivity and W is productivity in year t. Sinclair Knight Merz. SKM Cost of Geothermal Power Report (2007 Cost Basis)R1.doc PAGE 23PDF Image | Current Costs of Geothermal Power Generation in New Zealand
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