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Assessment of the Costs of Geothermal Power Generation in New Zealand Appendix B Basic Principles of the Various Power Generation Cycles Employed in the Geothermal Industry B.1 Steam Rankine Cycle Plants The steam Rankine cycle (steam turbine) has historically been the conventional technology used worldwide for most geothermal generation, particularly from the higher enthalpy resources that have been the most attractive to develop. The technology is similar to the steam Rankine cycle used in thermal power plants except that the steam comes from the geothermal reservoir, rather than a boiler, and is at significantly lower temperatures and pressures. B.1.1 Back-pressure steam turbine plant Back-pressure (or atmospheric exhaust without a condenser) steam turbine plant is simple, inexpensive and quick to install. It is very wasteful of steam, however, with a steam consumption at least twice that for condensing plant at typical inlet pressures. Where steam cost is high or where steam supply is constrained, it is not likely to be considered as a long term solution. B.1.2 Single pressure, condensing steam plant This power cycle uses a single stage separation of the geothermal two phase fluid, resulting in a single steam admission pressure at the condensing steam turbine. The turbine exhausts into a condenser at a pressure of typically less than 0.15 bara, in order to increase the power output of the turbine. The actual exhaust pressure chosen will usually be determined through an economic optimisation process balancing the increased output at lower condenser pressures against the increased size and cost of the heat rejection system associated with discarding the heat of condensation of the steam. Both “surface condensers” and “direct contact condensers” are used in the geothermal industry. The choice of which type depends largely on the hydrogen sulphide content of the steam and constraints on the discharge of hydrogen sulphide to atmosphere. Direct contact condensers are more common. Cooling water is sprayed into the condenser in direct contact with the low pressure steam exhausting from the turbine. The mixture of cooling water and steam condensate is removed from the condenser hotwell using “can” pumps, which pump the fluid to a cooling tower. After the water is cooled, it is drawn into the condenser under vacuum to repeat the cycle. Because steam condensate is continually added to the cooling water circuit, and the rate of evaporation is less than the steam flow, the plant is a net producer of steam condensate. This means that, apart from the initial fill of water, the cooling water volume continually increases and the excess must be removed as ‘blow down’. The blow down is normally disposed of to a Sinclair Knight Merz. SKM Cost of Geothermal Power Report (2007 Cost Basis)R1.doc PAGE 70PDF Image | Current Costs of Geothermal Power Generation in New Zealand
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