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Assessment of the Costs of Geothermal Power Generation in New Zealand B.2 Organic Rankine Cycles with/without Steam Cycle Option ORC cycle plant can more effectively use the heat from a lower temperature geothermal fluid. This has allowed economical exploitation of lower enthalpy resources, generally at a higher cost than for a condensing steam plant on a higher enthalpy resource (although the economics are changing as bigger unit sizes are developed for ORC plants). B.2.1 Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) without Steam Cycle Option An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) power plant, which is also known as a “binary cycle” plant, makes use of a low boiling point hydrocarbon, or other organic fluid, as the “working” or “motive” fluid for the turbine, rather than using steam. The particular hydrocarbon is optimally selected based on comparison of heat source temperature and motive fluid properties. In geothermal applications iso- or n-pentane are typically used, although there are also some plants using iso- butane. Compared to the conventional steam cycle, the lower boiling point and higher molecular weight of the hydrocarbon fluid allows for a more compact equipment design than is possible with steam at lower operating temperatures. It is also possible to use refrigerants, organic compounds or a mixture of hydrocarbons as the working fluid for thermodynamic or safety reasons, although this is not often done in practice. ORC plants have successfully operated on heat source fluids down to 100°C, or even slightly lower. The working fluid operates in a contained, closed-loop cycle and is completely segregated from the heat source fluid. There are several possible variants of the cycle, in terms of heat exchange configuration, turbine configuration etc, which may be selected as appropriate to the temperature and physical state(s) of heat source fluid. The simplest type of ORC power plant is presented in Figure B-3. This is commonly used when the enthalpy is low and the plant size is small or the wells do not discharge at a high pressure (and therefore not at high temperature). This type of plant is typically used in low temperature developments overseas where pumping from the production wells is required because the wells do not flow artesian. Figure B-3 Binary cycle (organic Rankine cycle) power plant, without separation of steam (if any) and brine Sinclair Knight Merz SKM Cost of Geothermal Power Report (2007 Cost Basis)R1.doc PAGE 73PDF Image | Current Costs of Geothermal Power Generation in New Zealand
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