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Assessment of the Costs of Geothermal Power Generation in New Zealand The working fluid absorbs heat from a heat source, in this case the hot geothermal fluid, via one or more heat exchangers, usually shell-and-tube type. This heat causes the working fluid to evaporate, producing the high-pressure vapour that is then expanded through a turbine-generator producing power. Two working fluid heat exchangers are normally used for improved thermodynamic performance – a recuperator for initial heating of the working fluid, using turbine exhaust vapour, followed by the vaporiser. The high-pressure working fluid vapour passes through a liquid separator located on top or downstream of the vaporiser, prior to flowing into the turbine. The separator is required to remove entrained liquid droplets to prevent their impingement on the turbine blades. The low pressure turbine exhaust vapour is cooled in the recuperator and then condensed, using either air-cooled heat exchangers (“fin-fan heat exchangers”), or a water-cooled condenser. Air cooling is frequently the only option in locations with limited water supplies, although the motive fluid outlet temperature is then limited by the prevailing ambient dry-bulb, rather than wet-bulb, temperature. This increase in “sink temperature” reduces the overall thermodynamic efficiency of the power cycle (because wet-bulb temperature is always lower than dry-bulb temperature, except when air is 100% saturated with moisture in which condition the temperatures are the same). The liquid working fluid is pumped at high pressure from the condenser and returned to the recuperator where residual sensible heat in the low-pressure turbine exhaust stream is used for initial preheating of the cooled liquid from the condenser. For more complex ORC plant, where increased cycle efficiency is required, one or more additional heat exchangers may be included in the cycle, as pre-heaters and recuperators between the ORC fluid pump and the vaporiser. The decision to incorporate additional heat exchangers into the cycle usually depends on the temperature range between the available heat source and sink temperatures. Generally when the plant size is not small and/or the wells discharge at a sufficiently high pressure (and therefore high temperature) the steam and brine phases are used separately (refer to Figure B-4) as each component has a different temperature profile. The brine exhibits a sensible heat transfer temperature profile, whereas steam condensation is practically isothermal. The ORC heat exchangers are designed for the particular heat transfer duty (which includes the temperature profile). By virtue of the complete segregation of the working fluid from the heat source fluid, the ORC cycle also finds application at geothermal fields where the geothermal fluids would be difficult to handle in a conventional steam turbine (e.g. fluid that is particularly corrosive or with a high non-condensable gas content). Heat rejection is necessary from the ORC fluid as the energy extraction devices (turbines) cannot extract all the energy supplied to the ORC fluid from the geothermal fluid. This heat rejection occurs by indirect contact with another cooling fluid, generally air as mentioned above, but Sinclair Knight Merz SKM Cost of Geothermal Power Report (2007 Cost Basis)R1.doc PAGE 74PDF Image | Current Costs of Geothermal Power Generation in New Zealand
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