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savings of energy over the proposed lifetime of the ORC. The economic analysis also determines the payback period and the net present value of the entire system. The economic analysis of the system should be presented to the client before the next decision is made: i.e. if the project should progress to the design stage, as this requires a large investment of time and money. As mentioned in the discussion of the prospecting stage the decision gate provides the opportunity to abort the project before a significant financial investment is made. The feasibility study should aim to minimize the present and future risks in the project so that it has the highest chance for financial success. 2.3 Design This stage is used to produce a detailed design of the proposed ORC. The detailed design will produce specifications for fabrication or selection of appropriate components and this stage can also be referred to as the Engineer Procure Construct (EPC) stage. For large geothermal projects the EPC contract is usually awarded to a company that specializes in the required technology. Ormat is an example of a specialist company that has carried out the EPC stage for geothermal ORCs. The design steps outlined in Figure 6 are possible guidelines that a smaller company could follow in order to design their own ORC for a geothermal energy source. from a local or international company. Once again these decisions can significantly change the economic outlook of the project. Current ORC developers such as Ormat typically design and manufacture the key components for their ORCs. The OEC uses original Ormat designs for the turbine, pump, and heat exchangers [13]. The success of Ormat in the binary geothermal power plant sector could be related to the reliance on their own designs rather than sourcing outside components. Other companies mentioned above that are also developing their own ORCs are also using in-house designs for critical components. For example Atlas Copco have designed a unique radial turbine that can be used with organic fluids[6]. ORCs developed by Barber-Nichols in the past have also used their own designs for key components [12]. It is possible to design small ORCs using alternative expanders rather than relying on turbines. A scroll expander is an alternative expander for an ORC [14] and screw expanders have also been used. The ElectraTherm Green Machine uses a screw expander and can produce up 65kW from low temperature heat sources [15]. The success of the larger companies in completing their own design is an indication that specific design is a key factor in the optimum planning of an ORC project because each heat source evaluated is unique. Once the design of the ORC is complete the capital cost estimate for the construction and commissioning of the project will be much more accurate and then the client or financial backer can make the final investment decision (FID) before construction starts. This section in a standard would reference a number of current standards as there are a significant number of components in ORCs that have standards elsewhere, such as heat exchangers. Once the design is completely signed off the project can move on to the construction stage which can be contracted out to construction companies or if the design company has the resources then they can complete the project themselves. 3. CHENA ALASKA The Chena resort is a remote geothermal site in the middle of Alaska that uses the geothermal heat for electricity generation and heating for the resort. 3.1 Motivation Originally the Chena resort used a diesel generator for electrical generation. The average cost to run the diesel generator for the 180-380kW load at Chena was $1000/day in 2004 and close to $500,000 per year. Electricity at Chena was costing 30¢/kW. The vision of the Chena Springs community was to become self-sustaining in terms of energy, food, heating and fuel. In 2004 Chena began their energy independence plan to increase the use of locally available resources, which included geothermal. Geothermal heat was used to heat 44 buildings and was also used for an absorption chilling to cool the Aurora Ice Museum. The owners of Chena were also interested in the possibility of using the geothermal resource for power generation. It was thought that electricity production from geothermal heat could reduce the cost of electricity in Chena to 5¢/kW. 35th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop: 2013 Proceedings 17 – 20 November 2013 Rotorua, New Zealand Prospect Feasibility Design Construction Working Fluid & Component Selection ORC Thermal System Modeling Detail Design, Components, Controls Capital Cost Estimate Y Go? Decision Point N Detail Design Specifications and Cost Estimate Figure 6 Design process stage in the current version of the design standard The working fluid selection should be finalized before the design of the other components because certain components such as the turbine are sensitive to the properties of the working fluid. Throughout the design stage the thermal model should be updated to maintain a comprehensive economic evaluation. The design process will also determine whether the components need to be manufactured or can be purchasedPDF Image | DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL ORGANIC RANKINE
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