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2-pass on geothermal resource side, o including 1-pass in boiler region, 260 tubes o 1 pass in preheater region, 90 tubes o 3⁄4” OD, 0.035” tube thickness, Cupro- Nickel 90-10 TurboChill 32” OD shell, 10” flanges deep and situated far enough away from the main production well so that it does not affect the hot reservoir. 3.6 Results The first ORC was installed in August 2006 and the second ORC came on stream in December. The second ORC was designed to also run with an air cooled condenser to capitalize on the low ambient air temperature in Alaska and this ORC ran continuously once installed. The first ORC, which was designed for water cooling, encountered problems with the cold water supply in late winter and early spring, which caused it to shut down. A second air cooled condenser was installed so that both ORCs can either use the cooling water or the air cooled condenser. The plant currently uses the water coolers in summer and the air coolers in winter. The current Chena power project now uses three ORCs to produce a total gross power output of 730kW with a net output of 500kW [19]. The project was completed on schedule and with a total cost of $2,007,770 ($5000/kWe) which was only over 5% of the original budget. The projected was partly funded through a grant from the Alaska Energy Authority and a project loan through the Alaska Industrial Development and Export Authority. However, 55% of the project funding came directly from Chena Hot Springs. A report for the Geothermal Resource Council in 2007 stated that the Chena power plant had been operating with 95% reliability and had generated 400MWh [20]. The cost of power was successfully reduced to 5¢/kWh and in 2007 the ORC plant saved an estimated $500,000 on diesel fuel, and therefore the project had a four year payback period on the savings from diesel fuel [21]. The success of the Chena power plant indicates that LTG is a competitive power generation option for remote power sites that use diesel generators to meet their electricity demands. The Chena project also investigated the deeper geothermal resource with hopes that it could one day operate a 10MW power plant that would justify a transmission line to the closest town. 4. CHENA AND STANDARD COMPARISON The Chena LTG ORC is the first reviewed for this study of existing ORC projects and the categorizing of the available data with the proposed guidelines discussed. The Chena development is also an example of competent engineering and good project management and following a similar process should help with the success of other ORC projects. However, more projects will need to be reviewed so the details of each step can be expanded, which will help generate robust guidelines that new ORC projects can follow. 4.1 Prospect The first step in the Chena project was a prospecting stage. The resource for Chena was already understood from previous government led investigations. There was minimal discussion on the site and no owners conference because the site owners undertook the investigation themselves to discover the feasibility of using the geothermal resource to increase their renewable energy production. The characteristics of the geothermal fluid were understood and there was evidence from the earlier exploration of the area that the geothermal resource had the potential to produce electricity. However, at the time of the initial investigation in the 70s the technology of the time and cost of diesel did 35th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop: 2013 Proceedings 17 – 20 November 2013 Rotorua, New Zealand Figure 8. P-H Diagram of the ORC installed at Chena, Image from Performance of Chena Binary Geothermal plant [16] The turbine and generator for this system was a single hermetically sealed unit. A sealed system reduced maintenance and also shaft leakage which is a common problem with most turbines. The turbine was only slightly modified from its original purpose as a vapor compressor and so could be manufactured to the same quality as the compressors for commercial chillers. UTC tested the design at their research center for more than 1000 hours before sending it to Chena for LTG electricity generation. Two 200 kWe ORCs were installed at Chena. The first ORC used the designed water cooled system. The second ORC installed was designed to use either cooling water or an air cooled condenser. The fan bank required 24kW to run opposed to the cooling water which was siphoned out of the nearby well. However, the air cooled condenser allowed for a larger temperature difference in the winter months due to the ambient air temperature being below -40°C, which produced a maximum net power output of 220 kW [18]. The geothermal generators required a stable grid input during startup. The solution was a 3MW UPS system with a AC/DC inverter to provide the stable input for the generator, which allows the Chena power plant to work independently from the grid [18]. The PureCycle plant had a control system installed for its original purpose and this was modified for remote control and monitoring for the Chena installation. A data collection and monitoring system using Labview was installed in the system once it was setup so that UTC engineers and Chena power could monitor the power plant either onsite or remotely. The owners of Chena recognized the importance of reinjection for the success of any large geothermal project [3]. Two reinjection wells were drilled to reinject 100% of the geothermal fluid. The primary reinjection well is 213mPDF Image | DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL ORGANIC RANKINE
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