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not merit investment in a small geothermal power plant. The importance of a prospecting stage is clearly shown in the Chena project because it provided clear resource data. 4.2 Feasibility Once a design company has been selected to design the ORC there are steps that can be connected to guidelines for the feasibility of a project. A feasibility study in a project is carried out prior to the large portion of the design. The Chena project approached two companies before being offered an ORC design from UTC. Therefore, there would have been some feasibility study prior to approaching these companies. The selection of working fluid to best match the geothermal resource is something highlighted in the guidelines. The original PureCycle used R245fa, but with the low temperature nature of the cycle R134a was chosen because it would yield better results at the lower temperatures. Even though the PureCycle operates well at other sites with R245fa, updating the design with R134a would deliver better results. The thermo system was changed with a new working fluid selected and Figures 7 and 8 show the temperature enthalpy and pressure enthalpy diagrams respectively. UTC focused on reaching their goal of a low cost ORC for LTG fluid to expand their product range. They focused on utilizing mass produced refrigeration equipment to reduce the capital cost and cost per kilowatt. It was clear early in the project that geothermal power at Chena would have a quick payback period because of the high diesel costs, which can be seen as an economic consideration in the feasibility guidelines. 4.3 Design The design process in the Chena project closely resembles the guidelines for approaching an ORC design. R134a was selected as the working fluid in the ORC and the main components had to be designed and selected for the final product. The selection of R134a also helped the selection of components for the ORC because there was more refrigeration equipment compatible with R134a. The expander was the first choice because it was already used in the current setup of the PureCycle. The expander was developed by UTC to operate as close as possible to the design condition. UTC was in a unique position as they already had an expander that worked and so this section did not require much design. The heat exchangers, however, had to be modified to work with the geothermal fluid. The original heat exchangers were not designed for liquid to liquid heat transfer and so UTC developed two new heat exchangers that used a shell and tube design, commonly used for geothermal applications, to utilize the liquid resources. The first ORC installed used cold water from a well as the heat sink in the condenser, but it developed issues in the first year of use. The second ORC used water cooling in the summer and air cooling in the winter. Once it was clear that the increased power output from the air cooled fan bank was greater than the parasitic losses of the fans a second fan bank was installed for the first ORC. It did show that an air cooled condenser in the winter month would yield more net electricity generation. The PureCycle was constructed at UTC and tested there prior to installation at Chena. The first ORC was installed and connected by both UTC and Chena employees. The Chena employees constructed the pipe line from the geothermal well to the power plant and also the cooling water supply. The UTC staff installed the PureCycle with help from Chena. The second ORC was almost completely installed by the staff at Chena with UTC only needed for setting up the control systems. 5. CONCLUSION The first case study shows that prospecting, feasibility, and design are important steps in an ORC project. There was only a small discussion on the construction of the Chena plant because the PureCycle delivered to Chena was a complete unit and only had to be connected to the geothermal fluid at Chena. It is clear that more case studies still need to be analysed before these guidelines can be considered robust. Interviews with engineers on LTG ORC design projects may also help to develop the more detailed aspects of the guidelines that reports of past projects do not generally discuss. Regular communication with industry is an important aspect for the development of the final standard because experienced members of the industry with expertise in ORC projects will understand the important aspects of design and how to incorporate them in an eventual standard. REFERENCE Climo, M. and B. Carey, Low Temperature Geothermal Energy Roadmap: Fostering increased use of New Zealands abudant geothermal resoucres, in GNS Science Report2011, GNS: Taupo. Gazo, F. and L. Lind, Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy - Technology Review, 2010. Chena Power, L., 400kW Geothermal Power Plant at Chena Hot Springs, Alaska. Final Report prepared for Alaska Energy Authority, 2007. Legmann, H. and P. Sullivan. The 30 MW Rotokawa I geothermal project five years of operation. in International Geothermal Conference. 2003. Thain, I.A. and B. Carey, Fifty years of geothermal power generation at Wairakei. Geothermics, 2009. 38(1): p. 48-63. Agahi, R., Pamukuren Geothermal Organic Rankine Cycle Power Plant in Turkey. Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, 2012. 36: p. 1057-1060. Power, U., PureCycle 200 Heat to Electricity Power System, A.U.T. Company, Editor 2004. ISO. Stages of the development of International Standards. 2013; Available from: http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/r esources-for-technical- work/stages_of_the_development_of_international_sta ndards.htm. Institution, B.S. What is a Standard. 2013 [cited 2013 23/07/2013]; Available from: http://www.bsigroup.com/en- GB/standards/Information-about-standards/what-is-a- standard/. Lukawski, M., Design and optimization of standardized organic Rankine cycle power plant for European conditions. Master's thesis, the School for Renewable Energy Science in affiliation with University of Iceland and the University of Akureyri, 2009. 35th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop: 2013 Proceedings 17 – 20 November 2013 Rotorua, New ZealandPDF Image | DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL ORGANIC RANKINE
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