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Figure 3) Relative distribution of embodied energy for the Waikite plant after one year of operation. 2.3 EROI of Waikite. The Waikite plant has negligible costs associated with the distance from the plant to the connection point with the end user. This means that all the aspects enclosed by the EROI3,i are also included in the EROIstnd. With an expected lifetime of 20 years, the Waikite plant has an EROIstnd and EROI3,i of 6.6. Table 3) Calculated EROI3,i(=EROIstnd) for Waikite hot springs geothermal plant. 2009). In order to more accurately compare the Chena plant with Waikite, a 92% capacity factor is assumed with an average net output of 210 kW. This gives Chena an estimated annual net energy output of 15445 GJ. 3.2 Energy component calculation The Chena project also used a US built PureCycle unit similar to Waikite, but the plant is remote and so its development required extra costs for transportation of equipment and skilled labour. As a result, the capital cost of the Chena plant is relatively expensive. Chena has a specific capital cost of $4780 US$/kW, compared to $3690 US$/kW at Waikite . Although both sites use similar basic UTC plants, Chena has additional costs associated with extra equipment, transport, labour and a higher labour compensation rate. For comparison, the US labour cost for manufacturing in 2011 was $35.53 USD, compared to $23.38 USD for NZ (U. S. Statistics, 2011). Transport is highly energy intensive, whereas labor is not. As a detailed budget for the Chena plant could not be found, it is difficult to properly account for the variation in energy intensity for the Chena project compared to Waikite. The study assumes that the energy intensity variation of transport and labour costs roughly negate one another, and so the energy intensity of 13.6MJ/$ (Dec, 2006) for the U.S. energy industry is used in Equation (4) as a best estimate of the energy costs. 3.2.1 Power usage at site The Chena site is unique as it has been designed to switch between air and once-through water cooling in order to generate the greatest power output. The water cooling system requires no power as it siphons a water flow from a large well about 10 m higher in the valley. The fans of the air condenser system require 24 kW of power when in use. The air cooled condenser is intended to be switched on during ‘subzero’ temperatures using manual valves. As the average air temperature at Chena Hot Springs was generally sub-zero between October 2012 to May 2013 (Weather, 2013), it was assumed that the ACC is usually switched on for 212 days between these dates. This gives the ACC an annual power draw estimate of 404 GJ. A well pump is used in order to move the geothermal water from the well into the power plant. This pump has a variable speed drive up to 75kW, but is estimated to operate at an average of 32 kW from operational data, requiring 929 GJ annually. The system pumps for the working fluid require 40 kW per unit during operation or 1161 GJ each annually. The site equipment has an average total energy usage of 3656 GJ / year. 3.2.2 Maintenance The maintenance cost was assumed to be the same as for the Waikite Hot Springs case study, at 5.8% of the embodied energy cost. 3.2.3. Transportation of plant The transportation cost of the plant to the site was assumed to be the same 17.3 GJ requirement multiplied by 1.79 to account for the heavier weight of the plant. This gave a transportation cost of 31.0 GJ. 35th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop 2013 Proceedings 17 – 20 November 2013 Rotorua, New Zealand Year Output (GJ) 1 6358 10 78968 20 157935 30 236903 40 315870 Input (GJ) EROI 9485 0.7 14156 4.5 19346 6.6 24536 7.8 29726 8.6 3. CASE STUDY 2 – CHENA HOT SPRINGS, ALASKA The Chena binary geothermal power plant is a unique case that has received much attention in literature. It is frequently noted as the lowest temperature commercial binary power generation plant in the world. The plant was built to replace expensive diesel generation in the remote region of Chena, Alaska. The Chena power plant uses two 200 kW UTC PureCycle 200 ORC systems utilizing 73°C geothermal water as a heat source and R134a as the working fluid. These units are similar to the PureCycle 280 units investigated in the Waikite study. Unlike the Waikite plant, a large amount of surrounding infrastructure was necessary for the project, including geothermal well drilling, reinjection and an air cooled condenser (ACC). This investigation looks at the effect that this extra infrastructure has on the EROI of the project. A third 280 kW unit has now been installed at Chena, but this is not included on the analysis. The analysis is based on data presented to January 2006 when only one of the two units used an air cooled condenser to increase net power output in winter. 3.1 Power generation at Chena. From August 2006 until September 2009, the average gross per unit power output when running was 266 kW (Karl, 4PDF Image | DISTRIBUTED POWER GEN ORC FROM LOW-TEMPERATURE HEAT
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