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indicate that the capital cost per kW generation capacity (specific capital cost) of a larger 20MW binary plant is around 60% of a 200kW plant. A NZGA study by (SKM, 2009) estimated the specific capital cost of a 20 MW ORC plant to be 23% higher than a comparable condensing single flash steam plant. Using the methodology in this study, the EROI value of renewable power generation can be closely linked with specific capital cost, and so it could be expected that a larger ORC plant will have an EROI value close to flash steam geothermal. 5. COMPARISON WITH NESJAVELLIR POWER PLANT IN ICELAND In order to compare the EROI figures calculated for Waikite and Chena with the figures from Nesjavellir power plant by (Atlason & Unnthorsson, 2013), a modified EROI equation had to be used. This modification places the gross output in the numerator and adds the parasitic loss to the denominator. , = (4) Using equation (4), the (Atlason & Unnthorsson, 2013) study found that Nesjavellir power plant in Iceland has an EROI3,i of 9.3 if the hot water production is not included. The Waikite system analyzed had an EROI3,i of 3.2 after 20 years. Chena had an EROI3,i of 2.4. When compared to a large scale traditional power plant at Nesjavellir, the EROI of Waikite and Chena was seen to be much smaller in comparison. The shape of the EROI over lifetime curves were found to be similar for all three plants in the investigation, indicating that the relative cost of initial capital and the continued maintenance and parasitic load was comparable for both geothermal technologies. The EROI analysis was performed on two case studies. The Waikite case study was on a plant that is yet to exist, using information contained in a feasibility study for the site. The Chena analysis used real data to estimate its energy requirements. The comparable methodology and results of both studies show that the EROI of an energy resource may be estimated at the feasibility stage. This practice may prove to be a useful way to compare and highlight trends in the necessary level of investment required to utilise prospective energy resources. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by the New Zealand Heavy Engineering Research Association funded by Ministry for Science & Innovation. The author would like to thank the ORC research team at the University of Canterbury for their helpful feedback and ideas. The author would also like to thank Dr. Susan Krumdieck and Dr. Mark Jermy of the University of Canterbury for their continued support and direction. REFERENCES APS. (2013). Energy units. Retrieved 02/08/2013, 2013, from http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa- reports/energy/units.cfm R. S., & Unnthorsson, R. (2013). Hot water production improves the energy return on investment ofgeothermal power plants. Energy, 51(0), 273-280. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.01.003 Cleveland, Cutler J., Costanza, Robert, Hall, Charles A. S., & Kaufmann, Robert. (1984). Energy and the U.S. Economy: A Biophysical Perspective. Science, 225(4665), 890-897. doi: 10.2307/1693932 Cooling Tower Systems, Inc. (2013). Cooling tower price list. Retrieved 02/08/2013, from http://www.coolingtowersystems.com/cooling_twr _price.php Dale, Michael. (2010). Global Energy Modelling: A Biophysical Approach. (Ph.D. Thesis), University of Canterbury, University of Canterbury Library. DiPippo, Ronald. (2011). Geothermal Power Plants : Principles, Applications, Case Studies and Environmental Impact Retrieved from http://canterbury.eblib.com.au/patron/FullRecord.a spx?p=330197 Felicito M, Gazo. Brian Cox, Connie Crookshanks, Barrie Wilkinson. (2011). Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy: Technological Economic Review. GNS Science. Holdman, Gwen. (2007). The Chena Hot Springs 400kW Geothermal Power Plant: Experience Gained During the First Year of Operation (pp. 9): Chena Power. IEA. (2012). Key World Energy Statistics: International Energy Agency. 35th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop 2013 Proceedings 17 – 20 November 2013 Rotorua, New Zealand Atlason, Figure 6) EROI standard for Chena, Waikite and Nesjavellir power plants, using EROI figures as calclated by (Atlason & Unnthorsson, 2013). Figure (6) shows that the shape of all the EROI curves is similar, with all three plants nearing their respective maximum , after 20 years. The lower EROI of Waikite and Chena indicate that the small ORCs are a poorer energy investment. On top of this, the operation load is a smaller proportion of the annual energy cost for the ORCs than Nesjavellir, so Equation (4) skews the EROI comparison in favor of the ORCs. 6. CONCLUSION The EROI of the proposed Waikite and existing Chena small scale binary plants was calculated. The EROI3,i was calculated as 6.6 for Waikite and 4.3 for Chena after a twenty year lifetime. An EROIstnd value of 6.6 was calculated for the Waikite site, which can be used for comparison with other studies where the site-specific distribution cost is intended to be ignored. An EROIstnd value was not calculated for Chena hot springs power plant in Alaska as insufficient information was available. 6PDF Image | DISTRIBUTED POWER GEN ORC FROM LOW-TEMPERATURE HEAT
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