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1. Introduction to Thermal Energy Storage Developing efficient and inexpensive energy storage devices is seen as important as developing new sources of energy. In the energy industry stakeholders and investors are increasingly interested in new technologies or the innovative use of existing technologies in thermal energy storage (TES) to reduce energy wastage. This is a result of growing concerns about environmental and economic conundrums facing industry such as: (v) the potential imminent energy shortage through fossil fuel depletion; (vi) increasing complexity in extracting less accessible fossil fuels; (vii) climate change as a result of greenhouse gas emissions; (viii) future price volatility of fuel sources; and (ix) daily and seasonal energy demand variations require peaking power plants, usually gas turbines, and load following power plant. The former when compared to the latter typically has: a. lower capital costs; b. lower efficiency; c. higher fuel cost; d. more expensive to operate; and e. faster start-up and shutdown time. Peaking power plants and load following power plants are plants that adjust their power output as demand for electricity fluctuates throughout the day. Peaking plants are generally gas turbines that burn natural gas. Base-load power plants operate continuously stopping only for maintenance or unexpected outages. TES comprises a number of technologies that store thermal energy in energy storage reservoirs for later use. The thermal reservoir may be maintained at a temperature above or below that of the ambient environment. TES is an important part of the overall solution to fight climate change and to achieve sustainable development without sacrificing economic growth because TES has many benefits including: • reduction or elimination of the use of economically and environmentally unfriendly peaking power plants; • reduction of CO2 emissions through efficient energy management by minimising energy waste; • reduction of fossil fuel dependence; • less exposure to fuel price volatility hence provides a less risky investment option; • no hazardous by-products to the environment; • potential to provide desalination, reducing fresh water scarcity problems; and • making intermittent renewable sources such as solar more attractive and reliable for power generation by: 8PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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