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2. Waste Heat Sources for TES 2.1 Incineration Incineration of waste is becoming a more attractive option to dispose of waste instead of landfill since legislation is making landfill increasingly more uneconomical and difficult. Recovery of energy from incineration plants seems to be the next logical step to make the most of optimising the usefulness of waste and to reduce carbon emissions. The Landfill Directive set down by the European Union led to the United Kingdom imposing waste legislation including the landfill tax and Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme. This legislation is designed to reduce the release of greenhouse gases produced by landfill through the use of alternative methods of waste treatment. The UK will look to incineration to play an increasingly larger role in the treatment of municipal waste and supply of energy in the UK. In 2008, plans for potential incinerator locations were in place for at least 30 sites (Letsrecycle, 2011) In Europe, with the ban on landfilling untreated waste, many incinerators have been built in the last decade with more under construction. Some of the electricity generated from waste is deemed to be from a Renewable Energy Source (RES) and is thus eligible for tax credits if privately operated. Some incinerators in Europe are equipped with waste recovery, allowing the reuse of ferrous and non-ferrous materials found in landfills. A prominent example is the AEB Waste Fired Power Plant in Amsterdam, The Netherlands (de Jong, 2009). In the United States of America, incineration was granted qualification for renewable energy production tax credits in 2004 (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2011). Projects to add capacity to existing plants are underway and municipalities are evaluating the option of building incineration plants over landfill. Incineration processes featuring energy recovery and aimed at minimising the emitted flue gas flow rate for a given load of waste material have recognized benefits from both economic and environmental points of view (Urban, 1979 and 1982; Liuzzo et al, 1992, 1995). Sheffield has been using waste heat from its waste incinerator to provide district heating to more than 130 buildings since 1988 (Sheffield City Council, 2011) The next phase of the improvement of the incinerator’s performance is flue gas recirculation (FGR) which lowers the flow rate of the flue gas and incineration air by 10 – 15% (Liuzzo et al, 2007). The benefits include: • larger attainable energy recovery; • lower capital costs associated with the smaller installed capacity of the downstream processing equipment; • decrease in atmospheric pollution by reducing nitrogen oxides of thermal origin entrained by the lowered flame temperature (Tillman et al, 1989) in the range of 50 – 80% (Agrawal and Wood, 2002); and 10PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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