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• boosting the thermal efficiency of the plant by approximately 2 – 3%. Although not frequently implemented in the thermal treatment of wastes FGR can be applied to both new and existing incineration plants and is one of the most promising techniques to improve their performances (Brem, 2003). 2.2 Power plant Thermal energy storage has not been developed for electric storage yet. Desrues et al (2009) researched a thermal energy storage process for large scale electric applications, which does not suffer from geographical constraints such as the need for a large altitude difference between two large water reservoirs for pumped hydroelectric storage, or a large cavern for compressed air energy storage (Denholm and Holloway, 2005; Denholm and Kulcinski, 2004). Load following power plant is the best type of power plant for potential TES applications. This is due to the fact that energy demand (usually electricity) and production are always in conflict with each other, i.e. production of electricity is high when demand is low; conversely, demand for electricity is high when production is low or non-existent. TES can be applied when energy supply exceeds demand, and then have its energy released in times of peak demands. As stated earlier, this helps to smooth out the production cycle and reducing dependency on inefficient peaking power plants. In solar thermal power plants, TES provides a very good prospect for research and application (Hoshi et al, 2005; Tyagi and Buddhi, 2007; Zalba et al, 2003) as heat energy comes directly from the sun during daylight hours, without much energy loss since electrical energy is not needed for thermal energy storage. TES energy can be released to operate steam turbines during the hours of darkness to generate electricity. TES also makes nuclear power generation a more attractive option. Nuclear power plant is almost always base-load power plant as they typically run at all times through the year since it is more economical to operate them at constant production levels, unless repairs or maintenance are scheduled. The reasons being that: • these base-load generators often have very high capital costs; • high plant load factor; • very low marginal costs; and • may take many hours, if not days, to achieve a steady state power output. Applying TES to nuclear power plants allow them to also operate as load following power plant, since these plants can still run at full operation where excess capacity can go into TES, therefore allowing policy-makers more options and incentives to quickly wean of fossil fuel power plants. 2.3 Passivhaus Passivhaus buildings essentially turn a building into a massive TES system. Passivhaus make extensive use of internal waste heat from lighting, electrical appliances (but not confined to heaters alone), body heat from people and other animals within the building. An average human being emits heat equivalent to 100 11PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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