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• indirect solar gain: attempts to control solar radiation reaching an area adjacent to, but not part of, the living space where heat is slowly transmitted indirectly via conduction and convection to the building; • isolated solar gain: utilising solar energy to passively move heat from or to the living space using a fluid such as water or air either by natural or forced convection; • heat storage: heat storage or thermal mass keeps the building warm when the sun can’t heat it. In diurnal solar houses, the storage is designed for one to a few days. The usual method is a bespoke thermal mass which includes a Trombe wall, a ventilated concrete floor, a cistern, water wall or roof pond. In areas that have long periods without solar gain, a technique is available that uses the ground as a thermal mass large enough for annualised heat storage (Stephens, 2011); • insulation and glazing: reduces unwanted heat leakage; and • passive cooling: energy-consuming mechanical components like pumps and fans are not used. 2.5 Vehicle Engines The average efficiency of gasoline as used by a typical petrol engine is about 18% to 20%. In diesel engines however it is about 35% where 30% of the input energy is wasted in the coolant and exhaust gases (Zhang, 2000). Recovering the waste heat to regenerate the bed of adsorption systems can increase the overall efficiency of the engines. The mechanical vapour compression system is currently the most widely available technology for refrigeration and/or air-conditioning. Using adsorption refrigeration/cooling systems instead of mechanical compression ones could significantly reduce fuel consumption (Wang and Oliveira, 2006). Some preliminary investigations on vehicle engines such as locomotives (Wang et al, 2006) and fishing boats (Wang et al, 2003) had been conducted. Excluding other forms of transport, there are approximately 600 million passenger cars worldwide (Worldmapper, 2011; Worldometers, 2011). Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007 burning over a billion cubic meters of petrol/gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The numbers are still increasing rapidly especially in China and India (Plunket Research, 2011). There is a huge untapped market here to increase engine efficiency via TES as transportation accounts for significant CO2 emissions. As shown in Figure 1, in the United States transportation alone accounted for 28% of its total energy consumption in 2004. 13PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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