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Figure 3: Primary industrial energy use by its sub-sectors in United States in 1997 (Worrell and Price, 2001). 3. Important variables 3.1 Heat pumps Heating and cooling systems are widely used in industrial and comfort applications. In recent years the share of the energy for heating and cooling purposes in total energy consumption has increased. A heat pump moves heat from one location at a lower temperature, the heat source, to another location at a higher temperature, the heat sink, using mechanical work or a high-temperature heat source. A heat pump can be used to provide heating or cooling. Even though the heat pump can heat, it still uses the same basic refrigeration cycle to do this. There are typically three types of heat pumps: (i) mechanical, (ii) absorption and (iii) adsorption. The latter two are more environmentally friendly than the former. 3.1.1 Mechanical heat pumps Mechanical heat pumps typically use vapour-compression refrigeration. Due to the economic benefits resulting from high coefficient of performance (COP) values, mechanical heat pump systems become convenient devices for heating and cooling purposes (Ülkü, 1986 and 1987). However, traditional heat pumps play an important role in the depletion of the ozone layer and global warming. Vapour compression heat pumps operate using electrical power, usually generated by fossil fuels. The primary energy efficiency of mechanical heat pumps will therefore be less than their COP values due to energy losses occur in power plants and compressors, and during transfer of electrical power. Mechanical heat pumps have been used in a few European countries to thermally upgrade low grade heat to high grade heat (Eriksson and Vamling, 2007) 3.1.2 Adsorption heat pumps Adsorption heat pumps provide heating and cooling by employing thermal energy sources such as solar and geothermal energies or waste heat from industrial processes. The heat pumps operate by cycling adsorbate between the adsorber (containing adsorbent such as zeolite, active carbon, or silica gel), condenser and evaporator 15PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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