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reservoir and Qcold is the heat taken in by the cold heat reservoir. Therefore Equation 1.2 becomes Equation 1.4 while Equation 1.3 becomes Equation 1.5; o For cooling, o For heating, COP = QC QH −QC COP = QH Equation 1.4 Equation 1.5 QH = Qc Equation 1.6 Equation 1.7 Equation 1.8 TH Where, o Tc TH is the temperature of the hot reservoir, K TC is the temperature of the cold reservoir, K At maximum theoretical efficiency, o For cooling, Equation 4 becomes: COP cooling For heating, Equation 5 becomes: COP cooling = TC TH −TC = TH TH −TC cooling heating QH −QC For a heat pump operating at maximum theoretical efficiency (i.e. Carnot efficiency): It can also be shown that COPcooling = COPheating − 1. For the sake of comparing heat pump appliances to each other, independently from other system components, the American Refrigerant Institute (AHRI, 2011) and International Organization for Standardization, assume that TH is 298 K (25oC) and TC is 273 K (0oC). According to above formula, the maximum achievable COP would be 8.8. Test results of the best systems are around 4.5. When accounting for energy needed to pump water through the piping systems, the COP could be 3.5 or less. This shows that there is enormous room for improvement. As the formula shows, to improve the COP of a heat pump system, one needs to reduce the temperature gap Thot minus Tcold at which the system works. Also the heat pump itself can be greatly improved. The two simplest ways to improve heat pump units are: • to double the size of the internal heat exchangers relative to the power of the compressor; • to reduce the system internal temperature gap over the compressor. This last measure however makes such heat pumps unsuitable to produce output above roughly 40oC which means that a separate machine is needed for producing hot tap water. 18PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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