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COP =Qc +Qcd +Qda heating Qab +Qbc Specific cooling (SCP) or heating power (SHP) are expressions that describe the effectiveness of the system. The SCP/SHP is the ratio of cooling/heating power per mass of adsorbent per cycle time. In some studies, SCP/SHP is determined according to cooling/heating power per cycle time and per mass of reactor which consists of mass of adsorbent, mass of heat exchanger in the adsorbent bed, mass of heat transfer fluid (HTF) and mass of container. There are also studies in which SCP/SHP is calculated based on the ratio of reactor volume and cycle time to cooling/heating power. According to the authors, the meaningful definition for SCP/SHP is the ratio of cooling/heating power to the mass of adsorbent and cycle time. The definition of SCP/SHP involves the period of cycle and contributes to the comparison of various adsorption heat pump designs (Pons et al, 1999; Chahbani et al, 2002; Poyelle et al, 1999) 4. TES Technologies This section identifies technologies suitable for low-grade heat storage and high-grade heat storage. These distinct classifications are required since the obstacles to low- grade heat storage are different from high-grade heat storage, such as potential for certain phase change materials (PCMs) to degrade at higher temperatures. Low-grade heat storage is also thermodynamically more challenging since the temperature difference is smaller than for high-grade heat storage, resulting in much less efficient heat transfer. Low-grade heat is usually defined as effluents having temperatures less than 150oC. Low-grade heat such as geothermal, waste heat and heat from low- to mid-temperature solar collectors accounts for 50% or more of the total heat generated worldwide as these sources cannot be converted efficiently to electrical power by conventional power generation methods (Hung et al, 2011). There have been many studies to utilise this low-grade heat efficiently and economically using a wide variety of methods such as TES and organic Rankine cycle with or without supercritical applications (Chen et al, 2011 and 2010). When attempting to choose and/or design TES systems the important attributes to consider are (Ataer, 2011): • the temperature range over which the storage has to operate; • the capacity of the storage has a significant effect on the operation of the rest of the system, because a smaller storage unit operates at a higher mean temperature. This results in a reduced heat transfer equipment output as compared to a system having a larger storage unit; • the optimum capacity (“short-term” storage units) is a TES system which can meet fluctuations over a period of two or three days, as it is the most economical for building applications; • the heat losses from the storage have to be kept to a minimum, especially important for long-term storage; • the rate of charging and discharging; and 21PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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