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1967; Perry, 1984; Weast and Astle, 1985) without exhibiting super-cooling, although their cost is about three times greater than paraffins. Feldman et al (1986 and 1989), Galen and Brink (1986), Hasan and Sayigh (1994) suggested that fatty acid esters such as butyl stearate, vinyl stearate and methyl-12 hydroxystearate, can be considered suitable for passive heat storage. 4.1.3 Inorganic PCMs The high storage density of salt hydrates is difficult to maintain as it decreases with cycling, leading to the continuous decline in their storage efficiency. Sub-cooling is another serious problem associated with all hydrated salts. The solution to both problems is to have used hydrated salts in direct contact with an immiscible heat transfer fluid to improve heat transfer (Farid and Khalaf, 1994; Farid and Yacoub, 1989; Fouda et al, 1984; Edie and Melsheimer, 1976; Costello et al, 1978). The agitation caused by the heat transfer fluid has minimised the sub-cooling and prevented phase segregation. The hydrated salts studied were CaCl2.6H2O, Na2SO4.10H2O, Na2HPO4.12H2O, NaCO3.10H2O, and Na2S2O4.5H2O. The water was required to prevent clogging of the fluidised bed and formation of anhydrous salts, which would reduce the storage density of the hydrated salts. The crystallisation temperature of these hydrated salts is between 30oC and 50oC. The heat discharge process employing these salts occurs with continuously decreasing crystallisation temperature due to the dilution of the liquid phase. This is not desirable in most applications. 4.1.4 Comparing PCMs A comparison of the most commonly used organic and inorganic PCMs for heat storage is shown in Table 4. Table 4: Comparison of PCMs (Mehling and Cabeza, 2008; Farid et al, 2004; Wang et al, 2009). Organic Inorganic Advantages Not corrosive Low or no sub-cooling Chemical and thermal stability Greater phase change enthalpy Disadvantages Lower phase change enthalpy Low thermal conductivity Flammability Sub-cooling due to super-saturation Corrosion Phase separation Lack of thermal stability Methods for improvement High aliphatic hydrocarbon, acid/esters or salts, alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic ketone, lactam, freon, multi- carbonated category, polymers Crystalline hydrate, molten salt, metal or alloy Methods for improvement High thermal conductivity additives, fire-retardant additives Mixed with nucleating and thickening agents, thin layer arranged horizontally, mechanical stir 24PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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