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The flammability hazard with regards to organic PCM can be overcome using flame retardation techniques, but only in building applications (Cabeza et al, 2011): Adding alternate non-flammable surface such as aluminium foil and rigid polyvinyl chloride film; Sequential treatment of plasterboard, first in PCM and then in an insoluble liquid fire retardant. The insoluble fire retardant displaces part of the PCM and some remains on the surface providing self extinguishing properties; Using brominated hexadecane and octadecane as PCM because when these halogenated PCM compounds are combined with antimony oxide in plasterboard the product will be self extinguishing; and Fire retardant surface coatings. The major disadvantage with regards to PCMs is the low thermal conductivity leading to low charging and discharging rates (especially for the organic based materials). Future development involves improvement in heat transfer/exchange in the PCMs when undergoing phase transition at the required operating temperature range, the design of the container for holding the PCM and formulation of the phase change problem (Agyenim et al, 2010). 4.1.5 Storage of PCMs Storage types of PCMs (Regin et al, 2008): • Storage tanks in heat exchangers: higher heat storage density compared to other storage; smaller heat transfer area; inserting fins or using high conductivity particles, metal structures, fibres in the PCM side, direct contact heat exchangers or rolling cylinder method to improve heat transfer; and majority of the heat enhancement techniques have been based on the application of fins embedded in the phase change material due to simplicity, ease in fabrication and low cost of construction. This is followed by the impregnation of metal. • Macro-encapsulation: most common type of PCM containment (Lane, 1986); PCM is encapsulated in a discrete unit, from rectangular panels to spheres to pouches (larger than 1cm in diameter); applicable to both liquid and air as heat transfer fluids; can avoid large phase separations; increase the rate of heat transfer; provide a self-supporting structure for the PCM; and potentially corrosive. 25PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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