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• Micro-encapsulation (Griffiths and Eames, 2007; Hawlader et al, 2003): small PCM particles are contained within a sealed, continuous matrix; suffers from low heat transfer rate; the rigidity of the matrix prevents convective currents and forces all heat transfer to occur by conduction thereby seriously reducing the heat transfer rates; and the cost of the microencapsulation system is high compared to other storage methods, and is used only in thermal control applications. There are a number of techniques for micro-encapsulation (Hawlader et al, 2003; Boh and Sumiga, 2008): a) Physical methods: • pan coating; • air-suspension coating; • centrifugal extrusion; • vibrating nozzle; • spray drying; and • coacervation. b) Chemical methods: • interfacial polymerisation; • in-situ polymerisation; and • matrix polymerisation. There are a number of benefits from encapsulating PCMs, they (Regin et al, 2008): (i) meet the requirements of strength, flexibility, corrosion resistance and thermal stability; (ii) act as barrier to protect the PCM from harmful interaction with the environment; (iii) provide sufficient surface for heat transfer; and (iv) provide structural stability and easy handling. 4.1.6 Improving heat transfer Most PCMs have low thermal conductivity and low thermal diffusivities. During extraction of energy from storage the liquid freezes on the heat transfer surfaces and an immobile layer of solid material continuously grows as it gives up its heat of fusion. These factors lead to slow charging and discharging rates, hence heat transfer enhancement techniques are usually required. The variation of surface heat flux depends on the predominance of the convective resistance (fixed resistance) and the conductive resistance (variable resistance): (i) when the convective resistance is dominant, nearly uniform surface heat flux with time can be achieved; and 26PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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