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(ii) when conductive resistance is dominant, the surface heat flux will decrease with time. Several studies have been conducted to examine heat transfer enhancement techniques in phase change materials (PCMs) and include: • finned tubes of different configurations (Abdel-Wahed et al, 1979; Ermis et al, 2007; Ismail et al, 2001; Choi and Kim 1992; Agyenim et al, 2008; Horbaniuc et al, 1999; Sparrow et al, 1981; Sasaguchi et al, 1994; Zhan and Faghri, 1996; Velraj et al, 1997); • bubble agitation (V elraj et al, 1997); • insertion of a metal matrix into the PCM (Trelles and Dufly, 2002; Hoogendoorn and Bart, 1992; (Hasnain, 1990); • using PCM dispersed with high conductivity particles (Mettawee and Assassa, 2007); • shell and tube (multi-tubes) (Agyenim et al, 2010-b, Hendra et al, 2005); and • encapsulation to improve heat transfer. Volume change during phase change however, complicates the system design (Regin et al, 2008). 4.1.7 PCM containment and heat transfer The geometry of the PCM container, the thermal and geometric parameters of the container required for a given amount of PCM are also important because: • they directly influence heat transfer, and; • affect the melt time and the performance of the PCM storage unit. PCMs are typically placed in: • • long thin heat pipes (Horbaniuc et al, 1999); cylindrical containers, Figures 6-7 (Agyenim et al, 2009; Papanicolaou and Belessiontis, 2001), where three modes of cylindrical PCM container configurations are distinguished: (i) The first is where the PCM fills the shell and the heat transfer fluid flows through a single tube, Figure 6a (Ghoneim, 1989; Esen et al, 1998; Agyenim et al, 2008, 2009 and 2010-b) designated the pipe model; (ii) The second model the PCM fills the tube and the heat transfer fluid flows parallel to the tube, Figure 6b (Diner and Rosen, 2002; Bansal and Buddhi, 1992; Esen et al, 1998). Esen et al (1998) recommended the pipe model because it recorded a shorter melt time with lower heat loss rate to the environment because most heat supplied from the centre ends up heating the PCM. This was because the thicker the PCM mass, the longer the melt time of the PCM; (iii) The third cylinder model is the shell and tube system, Figure 6c (Ghoneim, 1989; Agyenmim et al, 2010-b) commonly used to improve heat transfer in PCMs; and 27PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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