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There are way too many PCMs to completely describe the thermophysical properties here. For more information about the various PCM compounds refer to Agyenim et al (2010), Cabeza et al (2011) and Regin et al (2008). For a less mobile storage system, nucleating agents and stabilisers (to prevent keep nucleating agents in suspension) can be used for some of the hydrated salts (Ryu et al, 1992; Lane, 1991). Calcium chloride was usually selected in practical applications, even though its latent heat was lower than other hydrated salts because it was easier to stabilize, showing minimum phase segregation. Corrosion associated with salt hydrates can be avoided by using brass, copper and stainless steel for PCM containment instead of aluminium and steel (Cabeza et al, 2011). 4.1.8 Hybrid PCM application The composite salt/ceramic thermal energy storage media offers the potential of using phase change materials via direct contact heat exchange, eliminating the requirement of a separate heat exchanger. This concept reduces the need for storage of materials and containment vessel size, via micro-encapsulation of a PCM (composite salt) within the submicron pores of a ceramic matrix. The liquid salt is retained within the solid ceramic network by surface tension and capillary forces. PCM has been successfully impregnated in gypsum wall board to enhance the thermal energy storage capacity of buildings (Rudd, 1993). 4.2 Sensible heat storage 4.2.1 Description Sensible heat storage is when energy is stored or extracted by heating or cooling a material, but does not undergo phase change. Sensible heat storage systems are simpler in design than latent heat (PCN) or bond storage systems (which will be described later), but: • larger in size; and • cannot store or deliver energy at a constant temperature. A variety of substances have been used including liquids such as water, heat transfer oils and certain inorganic molten salts; and solids like rocks, pebbles and refractory. In the case of solids, the material is invariably in porous form and heat is stored or extracted by the flow of a gas or a liquid through the pores or voids. The choice of the substance used depends on: • the temperature level of the application (e.g., water being used for temperature below 100°C and refractory bricks being used for temperatures around 1000°C); • the value of the specific heat capacity (ρ.Cp); • the volume required due to limitations in transport and/or habitat applications (denser materials have smaller volumes, hence larger energy capacity per unit volume); and • the cost. 29PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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