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Table 5: Typical sensible heat storage media. Phases Liquid Solid Examples Hot water, organic liquids, molten salts, liquid metals Metals, minerals, ceramics The thermal stratification (or temperature-ordered stratification) is due to the differences in buoyancy the less dense, hotter water at the top and denser, colder water at the bottom. In a tank, perfect stratification is impossible since (Ataer, 2011): • the water entering the tank will cause a certain amount of agitation and mixing; • a certain amount of diffusion due to temperature differences; • natural convection due to heat losses from the surface of the storage tank, resulting in lower temperature of water near the vertical walls. This convection current destroys the temperature layers. Two fundamentally different ways of looking at stratification are a density approach used by environmental scientists (e.g., Moretti and McLaughlin, 1977; Stefan and Gu, 1992), and a temperature approach used by thermal engineers (e.g., Sliwinski et al, 1978; Kandari, 1990; Davidson et al, 1994). The latter is commonly used in TES applications. Crandall and Thacher (2004) reported that the packed beds can have high degree of stratification and this was a major advantage. Stratification provides higher temperature at top of the bed and coolest at the bottom. This allowed the warmest air to be delivered from the top of packed bed. 4.2.2 Charging/discharging efficiency Stratification efficiencies based on the first law of thermodynamics calculate the fraction of energy that is recovered from charging and discharging with fixed inlet temperature and mass flow. Between the charging and discharging, a storing period may, or may not, be included. Abdoly and Rapp (1982) define a fraction of recoverable heat as a measure of thermocline degradation during storing. In a discharging process, they only consider heat to be useful if it has not been degraded more than 20% of its original temperature value towards the ambient temperature, while at the same time, the initial temperature does not go below the thermocline (Nelson et al 1999; Zurigat and Ghajar, 2002). The charging and discharging efficiencies can be defined as: η1,Ch (t) = mstore .c.[Tavg (t) − Tini ] = Tavg (t) − Tini mstore.c.[Tinlet −Tini] Tinlet −Tini η1,Ch representing the actual energy change at time t divided by the maximum energy change after ideal plug flow replacement of the entire storage volume (Chan et al, 1983). 30PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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