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In this case, stratification efficiency based on these methods is defined according to (Haller et al, 2009): ηMIX,Dav =1−MIXDav ηMIX,And =1−MIXAnd ηREG =1−REG 4.2.3 Liquid Water can be used as a storage and also as a transport medium of energy. It is the most widely used storage medium especially for solar-based warm water and space heating applications (Duffie and Beckman, 1989; Wyman et al, 1980). The sizes of the water storage tanks used vary from a few hundred litres to a few thousand cubic meters. An approximate thumb rule followed for fixing the size is to use about 75 to 100 litres of storage per square meter of collector area (Ataer, 2011). Solar ponds are a form of thermal stratification of water, can be classified according to four basic factors: (a) convecting or non-convecting; (b) partitioned (multi-layered) or non-partitioned; (c) gelled or non-gelled; and (d) separate collector and storage or in-pond storage. However, most of the research efforts are presently concentrated on the non- convecting salt gradient solar pond (Lodhi, 1996). This type has a density gradient which is created by using water containing salt (or sea water). The salt concentration increases with depth from the surface. Sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) are most commonly used. The salt gradient pond has a black or dark bottom where the solar radiation is absorbed, where water temperature can be up to 95oC. Extraction of the thermal energy stored in the lower layers of the pond can easily be accomplished without disturbing the upper layers. The most commonly proposed substitutes for water are petroleum based oils and molten salts. The heat capacities are 25-40% of that of water on a weight basis. However, these substitutes have lower vapour pressure than water and are capable of operating at high temperatures exceeding 300oC. The oils are limited to less than 350oC due to stability and safety reasons and can be quite expensive (Hasnain, 1998). A few molten mixtures of inorganic salts have been considered for high temperatures (300oC and above). Sodium hydroxide has a melting point of 320oC and could be used for temperatures up to 800oC (Lodhi, 1996), but is highly corrosive and difficult to contain. Liquid metals are also possible sensible heat storage media. While most of their properties are similar to those of water, they have low specific heats and higher potential for reactivity with the container. However, they have higher thermal conductivity. An oxygen and oxide free environment is important in order to prevent corrosion of liquid metals (Sorour, 1988). The properties of commercially available liquid storage media are shown in Table 6. 32PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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