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applications (Ataer, 2011). For a temperature change of 50oC, rocks and concrete will store around 36 kJ/kg or about 105 kJ/m3. 4.2.6 Fluidised bed Fluidised beds can be utilised for low, intermediate and high temperature solar applications (Weast et al, 1980). The rate of heat exchange between the heat carrying fluid and the storage medium is much than in rock beds. A summary of sensible heat storage systems is presented in Table 8. Table 8: Summary of sensible heat storage systems (Ataer, 2011). Sources Advantages Disadvantages Water • Inexpensive, easy to handle, non- toxic, non-combustible and abundant. • High specific heat and high density; • Heat exchangers may be avoided if water medium is used for transport; • Natural convection flows can be utilised when pumping energy is scarce. • Simultaneous charging and discharging; • Adjustment and control is variable and flexible. • Adjustment and control is variable and flexible resulting in pressure build up or volume expansion, destroying tanks. • Highly corrosive; • Working temperatures are limited to less than 100oC; • Difficult to stratify. Solid storage media • Below 100oC, using water as heat transfer fluid, it is simple in design and relatively inexpensive; • Rock/pebble-bed storages can also be used for temperatures of up to 1000oC, and still be inexpensive with high specific heat; • Non-toxic and non-flammable; • Act as heat transfer surface and medium • Large heat transfer area • Cost rises sharply for temperatures above 100oC, as storage tanks must be able to contain water at its vapour pressure; • Organic oils, molten salts and liquid metals use are limited because of their handling, containment, storage capacities and cost. • Larger amounts of solids are needed than using water, due to lower storing capacity than water. 35PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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