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4.2.7 Storage tanks The storage tanks are suitably insulated with glass wool, mineral wool or polyurethane. The thickness of insulation used is large and ranges from 10 to 20 cm. Because of this the cost of the insulation represents a significant part of the total cost and more research has to be done. By using thermal stratification in tanks storage efficiency can also be improved. To maintain stratification over long time intervals the tank should be provided with extremely good thermal insulation or with special installations. There is still a possibility of enforced stratification by: • employing multiple storage tanks at different temperatures is also meaningful, with the liquid in different tanks remaining at different temperatures even when the liquid in each tank is completely mixed, due to the physical separation between tanks; • using rock beds, since hot air is brought in contact with different parts of the rock bed in the path of its flow and these parts of the rock bed, heated to different temperatures, cannot mix. The thermal storage via thermal stratification, Figure 8, has higher efficiency due to: • liquid (or water) of a high temperature than the overall mixing temperature can be extracted at the top of the container; • liquid (or water) of a lower temperature than the mixing temperature can be drawn off from the bottom. Figure 8: An example of thermally stratified hot liquid tank. Alternatively, for an underground tank insulation of the earth surrounding the tank may provide the bulk of the insulation thickness required. However it may take as much as one year for the earth around a large storage tank to reach a steady state by heating and drying, and a considerable amount of energy may be required for this purpose. If the water is at atmospheric pressure, the temperature is limited to 100oC. It is possible to store water at temperature a little above 100oC by using pressurised tanks. In order to reduce the costs an alternative way which is being examined for large- scale storage, is to use naturally occurring confined underground aquifers which already contain water, Figure 9. 36PDF Image | EPSRC Thermal Management of Industrial Processes
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